Therapeutic Potential of Thymoquinone in Glioblastoma Treatment: Targeting Major Gliomagenesis Signaling Pathways

Figure 1

Signaling pathways of proliferation in glioblastoma targeted by Thymoquinone (NF-κβ: nuclear factor-κβ; FAC: Focal Adhesion Molecule; MMP-2: Matrix Metalloproteinase-2; MMP-9: Matrix Metalloproteinase-9; PAK1: p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac) activated kinase 1; PI3K/AKT/mTOR: phosphatase inosine 3 kinase/protein kinase B (also known as AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK: a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell; Ras: a type of small GTP-binding protein; Raf: Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases; MEK: a protein kinase; ERK: a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily). Aside from FAC, MMP-2, and MMP-9, other signaling pathways primarily affect glioblastoma proliferation.