BioMed Research International

Review Article

Safety of Natural Insecticides: Toxic Effects on Experimental Animals

Table 4

Effect of exposure to some natural insecticides on liver function biomarkers in experimental animals.


Insecticide	Treatment	Dose mg/kg. b.wt. or animal/day	Duration (days)	Test animal	Sample	Liver function biomarkers	Reference

Abamectin	Oral	2.13	28	rat (♀, ♂)	plasma, liver	ASTꜛ, ALTꜛ, ALPꜛ, glucoseꜛ	[87]
Abamectin	Fed	1.81, 0.181	30	rat (♂)	serum	ASTꜛ, ALTꜛ, ACPꜛ, ALPꜛ, ALBꜜ, TPꜜ	[78]
Bt	Fed	300, 30	30	rat (♂)	serum	AST, ALT, ACP, ALP, ALB, TP	[78]
Abamectin	Oral	30, 10	30, 210	rat (♂)	plasma	ASTꜛ, ALPꜛ, ALBꜛ, TPꜛ	[63]
Abamectin	Oral	3.802	14	mice (♂)	serum	ASTꜛ, ALTꜛ, ALPꜛ	[57]
Spinosad	Oral	35, 350	28	mice (♂)	serum	ALTꜛ, ASTꜛ, ALBꜛ, TP, TG	[68]
Pyrethrum	Oral	200	23	rat (♂)	liver	EPN, Cytochromes P₄₅₀	[52]
Spinosad	Fed	16 ppm	90	rat (♂)	serum	ASTꜛ, ALPꜛ, ALTꜛ, ACPꜛ	[90]
Spinosad	Oral	0.02, 9, 37.38	56	rat (♂)	serum	ASTꜛ, ALTꜛ, ALPꜛ	[91]
Bt	Oral	3,4,5 ml	1	rat (♀, ♂)	serum	ALT, TP, glucose	[77]
AL	Oral	20	1	rat (♂)	liver	LDHꜛ	[97]

Male (♂), female (♀), increase “ꜛ”, decrease “ꜜ”, and no change “without symbol”. ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ACP: acid phosphatase; ALB: albumin; and TP: total protein. TG: total triglycerides; EPN detoxification: ethyl p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonate such as p-nitroanisole demethylation and hexobarbital oxidation. Bt: Bacillus thuringiensis; AL: aluminum phosphide; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.