Safety of Natural Insecticides: Toxic Effects on Experimental Animals

Table 5

Effect of exposure to some natural insecticides on kidney function biomarkers in experimental animals.

Insecticide	Treatment	Dose; mg/kg. b.wt. or animal/day	Duration; (days)	Test animal	Sample	kidney function biomarkers	Reference
Pyrethrum	Oral	170	90	rat (♀, ♂)	kidney	- - -	[98]
Abamectin	Fed	1.81, 0.181	30	rat (♂)	serum	uric acidꜛ, creatinineꜛ	[78]
Abamectin	Oral	3.802	14	mice (♂)	serum	ureaꜛ, creatinineꜛ	[57]
Abamectin	Oral	2.21, 11.05, 22.10	21	rat (♀, ♂)	serum	uric acidꜛ, creatinineꜛ	[60]
Azadirachtin	Oral	500, 1000, 1500	90	rat (♂)	serum	uric acid, creatinine	[75]
Spinosad	Oral	35, 350	28	mice (♂)	serum	urea	[68]
Azadirachtin	Fed	5, 25, 50		rat (♀, ♂)	serum	urea, creatinine	[76]
Spinosad	Oral	0.02,9,37.38	8 weeks	rat (♂)	serum	uric acidꜜ	[91]
Bt (toxin)	Oral	20 mg/100g	21	rat (♀, ♂)	kidney	kidney	[94]
Bt ( Cry1Ia12 toxin)	Diet	0.1%	10	rat (♂)	kidney	urea nitrogen	[100]
Phosphine	inhalation	1,5,10 ppm; 1.25, 2.5, 5 ppm	4; 14	rat (♀, ♂);mice (♀, ♂)	serum	urine nitrogenꜛ	[101]
Abamectin	Oral	0.44, 0.87	4,8 weeks	rat (♂)	serum	ureaꜛ, uric acidꜛ, creatinineꜛ	[99]

Male (♂), female (♀), increase “ꜛ”, decrease “ꜜ”, no change “without symbol”, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).