Safety of Natural Insecticides: Toxic Effects on Experimental Animals

Table 6

Oxidative stress induced by some natural insecticides in experimental animals.

Insecticide	Treatment	Dose; mg/kg. b.wt. or animal/day	Duration; (days)	Test animal	Sample	Oxidative stress biomarkers	Reference
Spinosad	Oral	347.49	28	rat (♂)	liver	SODꜜ, CATꜜ, GSTꜜ, GPxꜛ, GSHꜜ, LPOꜛ	[120]
Spinosad	dipping	25, 50, 75 mg/L	24, 48, 72 h.	fish	liver	GSTꜛ, GPxꜛ, GSHꜜ, LPOꜛ	[93]
Abamectin	Oral	2.21, 11.05, 22.10	21	rat (♀, ♂)	liver, kidney	SODꜛ, GSTꜛ, LPOꜜ	[60]
Abamectin	Oral	30	30	rat (♂)	kidney, brain	SODꜜ, CATꜜ, GSTꜜ, GSHꜜ, LPOꜛ	[121]
Abamectin	Oral	1,4	7,28	rat (♂)	testis	4-HNEꜜ, PARꜜ, ꜜ PARPꜜ	[113]
Abamectin	Fed	20,40,60	30,60,90	pigeon	spleen	SODꜜ, GPxꜜ, T-AOCꜜ, LPOꜛ	[122]
Bt toxin “Vip3Aa16”	Oral	2500, 5000, 7500	14	mice	liver, kidney	SOD, LPO, H2O2	[123]
Abamectin	Oral	3.3	4, 24, 48 h.	rat	brain	SODꜜ, GSHꜜ, LPOꜛ	[64]
Phosphine	i.p.	4	30 min	rat	kidney, heart	SODꜜ, CATꜜ, GPxꜜ,,GSHꜜ, LPOꜛ	[124]
Phosphine	i.p.	2	30 min	rat	brain, liver, lung	GSHꜜ, LPOꜛ	[125]

Male (♂), female (♀), increase “ꜛ”, decrease “ꜜ”, and no change “without symbol”. Bt: Bacillus thuringiensis; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; CAT: catalase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; LPO: lipid peroxidation; GSH: glutathione; T-AOC: total antioxidant capability. 4-HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, PAR: poly(ADP-ribose), PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; i.p.: intraperitoneally.