Abstract
Purpose. To characterize the computed tomography (CT) imaging findings in patients with pulmonary chondroma. Methods. We examined CT imaging findings of eight patients with histopathologically verified pulmonary chondroma. We assessed the location, size, shape, margins, amount of calcification, calcification pattern, and attenuation on precontrast and enhancement CT. Results. All patients exhibited solitary, mildly lobulated pulmonary masses, which were located in the right lung in four cases and the left lung in four cases. The mean lesion size was 3.7 cm (range 0.9–10.7 cm). All eight tumours had a well-defined margin. On plain CT images, seven of the cases (87.5%) showed a mass with varying degrees of calcification, which included strip-like punctate (n=5) and ring (n=2) patterns. One patient with a large lesion (10.7 cm) showed chest wall adhesion. On contrast-enhanced CT images, all lesions demonstrated slight inhomogeneous enhancement ≤14 HU. Conclusion. CT is the reference standard diagnostic technique for locating pulmonary chondroma. In most cases, CT findings show some characteristics that are important in the diagnosis, surgical planning, and follow-up of the tumour.
1. Background
Chondromas are benign tumours that originate from chondrocytes. Chondromas are typically found in the long bones and rarely arise in the lung parenchyma, with pulmonary chondroma only accounting for 0.04% of lung tumours [1]. Although the pulmonary chondroma is a benign condition, the association with Carney triad prompts further investigation [2]. The correct diagnosis for patients with Carney’s triad is essential for determining the clinical management [3]. Therefore, accurate and comprehensive evaluation is very important to pulmonary chondroma. Because of the low associated morbidity, there are only a few reports of pulmonary chondroma [3–12], and the imaging features were not well examined. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the computed tomography (CT) imaging findings of pulmonary chondroma.
2. Methods
2.1. Patients
This study was approved by the institutional Medical Ethics Committee. Between May 2006 and January 2017, five female and three male patients (age range: 45–73 years, mean age: 55.6 years) with pathologically proven pulmonary chondroma were retrospectively analysed. All eight patients had undergone surgery for the disease. Four of the eight patients exhibited a cough, two of whom showed haemoptysis and shortness of breath, one patient exhibited chest pain as the predominant symptom, and three patients had no clinical symptoms.
CT was performed using a 16-slice to 128-slice multidetector (GE light speed 16 slice; GE bright speed 16 slice; Somatom Sensation 64 slice; Discovery CT 750 HD 128 slice). Seven patients underwent plain axial CT scanning using a soft tissue algorithm. CT images were acquired in the arterial (25–30 s after injection) and venous (50–60 s after injection) phases in six patients.
2.2. Imaging Analysis
Two radiologists (7 years of experience in chest radiology) retrospectively evaluated the images and independently reviewed the tumour location (the lobe), size, shape (circular or lobulated), margins (well-defined or ill-defined), amount of calcification, calcification pattern, and attenuation (homogeneous or inhomogeneous and CT value) on precontrast and enhancement CT. To determine the amount of calcification within each mass, a subjective scoring system of 1–3 was used (<20%, 20-50%, and >50% calcification in the mass). A score of 1 was assigned to minimal calcification, and scores of 2 and 3 were assigned to moderate and severe calcification, respectively. The calcification pattern included strip-like punctate, sheet, ring, round, and irregular. The attenuation values of the tumours were measured in each mass/nodule in precontrast CT and all two enhancement phases of imaging in the exact same location in each mass/nodule to acquire the attenuation. Each lesion was measured three times and the average attenuation value was used for recording. The enhancement value=the attenuation value in enhancement CT-the attenuation value of precontrast CT. The size of each lesion was measured at its greatest single dimension. Other associated lesion satellites and enlarged lymph nodes at the mediastinum or hilus of the lung were also recorded.
3. Results
The clinical and CT features displayed by the eight patients with pulmonary chondroma are shown in Table 1. All patients exhibited solitary pulmonary masses (Figures 1–3). All lesions exhibited mild lobulation (Figures 1–3). The mean lesion size was 3.7 cm (range, 0.9–10.7 cm). All eight tumours had a well-defined margin without glitches.
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On plain CT images, seven of the cases (87.5%) showed a mass with varying degrees of calcification, which included five masses with strip-like punctate patterns defined as scoring 1 (Figure 2) and two lesions with ring (Figure 3) patterns defined as scoring 3. One patient with a large lesion (10.7 cm) showed chest wall invasion. Only one patient with a smaller lesion (0.9 cm) displayed no calcification (Figure 1). The mean arterial enhancement value was 6.8 HU (range, 3–10 HU). The mean venous enhancement value was 9.8 HU (range, 8–14 HU). On contrast-enhanced CT images, all lesions demonstrated a slight inhomogeneous enhancement ≤14 HU (Figures 1 and 2). No satellite lesions or significant enlargement of the lymph nodes or pulmonary cavity were observed.
Pathological examination showed that the tumours were composed of mature myxoid cartilage and calcification cartilage, with a fibrous pseudocapsule surrounding the tumour (Figures 3(c) and 3(d)).
4. Discussion
The origin of pulmonary chondroma remains unclear [8]. During embryonic development, pulmonary chondroma often originates from the ectopic cartilage of the lung tissue, while chondrocytes within the bloodstream can also flow into the lungs. Under certain conditions, reticulocytes and connective tissues developing into original directions become the embryo of mesenchymal tissue and then develop into chondrocytes [8].
Pulmonary chondroma was reported to commonly occur in adult women at 40–50 years of age [8]. The present study had a cohort of five women and three men with pulmonary chondroma (average age, 55.6 years; range, 45–73 years) [8, 10, 13]. Pulmonary chondroma can occur in the pulmonary lobes, particularly in the right lung [3]. By contrast, we found an even distribution of chondroma in the left (four cases) and right (four cases) lobes. In general, in absence of symptoms in most patients [14], the symptoms of pulmonary chondroma depend on the size and location of the tumour. Respiratory symptoms, including cough with haemoptysis or sputum and shortness of breath, are often observed [7]; this occurred in four cases (50%) in the present study. These symptoms are mainly due to the compression of the tumour on surrounding tissues. Chest pain was also reported in patients with pulmonary chondroma that involved the intercostal nerves [15]. In the present study, one patient with a large tumour and chest wall invasion exhibited an exact symptom chest pain.
The CT imaging appearance of pulmonary chondroma depends on the location and extent of involvement. According to our findings and previous reports, the typical CT features of pulmonary chondroma include (1) round or oval masses with clear boundaries, (2) lesion size ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 cm, with slight lobulation [3], (3) inhomogeneous soft tissue density mass with calcification [3–6, 10], and (4) no glitches, satellite lesions, or enlarged lymph nodes at the hilus of lung or mediastinum [3, 6].
There are no reported CT findings specific for identification of pulmonary chondroma. In the present study, five of eight pulmonary chondromas were nodules (<3 cm diameter). A number of studies have suggested that CT findings of a smooth border, benign calcification (central, popcorn, laminated, or diffuse), and enhancement ≤15 HU may indicate benign nodules [16–20], which is consistent with our findings, except for the calcification patterns. There are six reported calcification patterns in pulmonary nodules: (1) central dense nidus, (2) diffuse solid, (3) popcorn, (4) laminated, (5) punctate, and (6) dendriform; [21] patterns 1–4 represent benign calcifications. In the present study, four patients exhibited punctate calcific (defined as scoring 1) lung nodules, which is regarded as a sign of malignancy [22, 23]. Thus, a benign nodule imaging feature with a malignant calcification pattern is highly suggestive of a diagnosis of pulmonary chondroma. We also observed one case with imaging features (without calcification) consistent with a benign nodule, which is not diagnostic for pulmonary chondroma.
In the present study, there were three cases with pulmonary chondroma >3 cm with punctate (n=1, defined as scoring 1) or characteristic ring (n=2, defined as scoring 3) calcifications. These smooth border, mildly lobulated masses are difficult to diagnose. However, characteristic ring calcifications may be suggestive of pulmonary chondroma.
Chondroma can also display no or slight early enhancement and delayed enhancement after delivery of contrast agents, because of the relatively slow blood flow within the tumour [24, 25]. In our study, all five patients showed contrast-enhanced CT enhancement ≤14 HU. Thus, this imaging feature can provide valuable information on the blood supply to the tumour and help predict whether it is benign.
Pulmonary chondroma is also one of the clinical manifestations of Carney’s triad, which involves the presence of at least two components of pulmonary chondroma, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and extra-adrenal paraganglioma [26]. The correct diagnosis for patients with Carney’s triad is essential for determining the clinical management [3]. Recent studies also suggest that chondromas in the Carney’s triad mainly affect young women and are small, multiple, peripheral, and commonly calcified masses [2, 9–11, 27]. As gastrointestinal stromal tumours and extra-adrenal paraganglioma are potentially fatal, such patients should receive further examination to check for the presence of other components of this rare syndrome [28, 29]. Although pulmonary chondromas are benign tumours of cartilage, there is also potential for malignant transformation. Indeed, a case of giant pulmonary chondrosarcoma with tumour recurrence and metastasis was reported [30]. Further, patients with Carney’s triad can exhibit malignant alterations of masses. Thus, patients with Carney’s triad should receive regular medical follow-up.
Because of its low morbidity, and as patients are often asymptomatic, pulmonary chondroma can be easily misdiagnosed as tuberculosis tumours, hamartoma (particularly cartilage hamartoma), and peripheral lung cancer. Indeed, patients with a previous history of tuberculosis were commonly diagnosed with suspected pulmonary tuberculoma [31]. Tuberculoma is often located in the superior lobe apicoposterior segment or the lower lobe dorsal segment of the lung. Kim et al. [18] also reported that presence of cavitation and satellite lesions on chest CT is useful for tuberculoma diagnosis. Hamartoma is the most common benign lung tumour, accounting for 5%–10% of solitary pulmonary nodules [32]. The majority of patients with pulmonary hamartomas are men, while pulmonary chondroma predominantly occurs in adult women. The identification of fat and calcification is a specific feature for hamartoma [21]; on CT, fat was detected in 34%–50% of hamartoma cases, while calcification was only observed in 15%–30% of cases. By contrast, seven of eight (87.5%) of our cases with pulmonary chondroma exhibited calcification, and all cases had an absence of fat. Hamartoma usually shows a popcorn calcification on CT, which is used for differential diagnosis. However, in the present study the pulmonary chondroma calcifications were often smaller, with punctate or ring characteristics. For older patients who perennially smoke, a cough with sputum and blood can also be easily misdiagnosed as peripheral lung cancer. Peripheral lung cancer usually displays a burr-like tumour structure, pleural indentation, and inhomogeneous enhancement, often accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes at the hilus of the lung or mediastinum [33]. However, a study of 500 CT examinations suggested that lung carcinoma calcifications are typically large and located centrally in tumours [23].
In conclusion, the preoperative diagnosis of pulmonary chondroma is difficult, and a variety of imaging techniques are required for comprehensive diagnosis. Using CT, we found that lesions showing a solitary, mildly lobulated mass with a well-defined margin, calcification (punctate, strip-like, or ring calcifications), and slight enhancement (<15 HU) should be considered potential pulmonary chondroma. Nevertheless, differential diagnosis of hamartoma (particularly cartilage hamartoma), tuberculosis tumour, and peripheral lung cancer is also important. Further clinical, imaging, and pathological studies are required to improve the diagnosis of this disease. After diagnosis of pulmonary chondroma, further examination is also required to exclude Carney’s triad.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.