The Effect of Muscle Direction on the Predictions of Finite Element Model of Human Lumbar Spine

Table 1

Material properties of tissues in the finite element model.

Component	Material properties	References
Cancellous bone (transverse isotropic)	E = 200/140 MPa, υ = 0.45/0.315 (axial/radial)	[19]
Cortical bone	E = 10,000 MPa, υ = 0.30	[20]
Posterior bony elements	E = 3,500 MPa, υ = 0.25	[21]
Nucleus pulposus	Incompressible	[20]
Ground substance of annulus fibrosis	Hyperelastic, neo-Hookean,; C10 = 0.3448, D1 = 0.3	[22]
Cartilage of facet joint	Soft contact	[23, 24]
Ligaments	Nonlinear	[20, 25]