Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Diabetes Mellitus Patients in China: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Case-Control Studies

Table 1

Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection by sociodemographic factors in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients and controls in eastern China.

Characteristic	T1DM (N=400)				Controls (N=400)				T1DM vs.
	Prevalence of T. gondii infection				Prevalence of T. gondii infection				Controls
	No. tested	No. positive	%	P-value	No. tested	No. positive	%	P-value	P-value
Age
≤ 30	62	15	24.19	0.187	62	10	16.12	0.591	0.263
31-40	70	12	17.14		85	12	14.12		0.604
41-50	100	13	13.00		90	8	8.89		0.367
51-60	92	18	19.57		86	8	9.30		0.053
>60	76	8	10.53		67	8	11.94		0.789
Region
Shandong	170	34	20.00	0.237	170	23	13.53	0.493	0.110
Jilin	141	21	14.89		141	13	9.22		0.144
Heilongjiang	89	11	12.36		89	10	11.24		0.816
Gender
Male	207	31	14.98	0.395	221	23	10.41	0.447	0.155
Female	193	35	18.13		179	23	12.85		0.160
Area of residence
Urban	202	30	14.85	0.370	211	16	7.85	0.031	0.019
Rural	198	36	18.18		189	27	14.29		0.299
Employment
Unemployed	156	28	17.95	0.261	137	21	15.33	0.147	0.549
Employed part-time	139	26	18.71		161	13	8.07		0.006
Employed full-time	105	12	11.43		102	12	11.76		0.940
Obesity and overweight
Yes	156	21	13.46	0.191	194	24	12.37	0.596	0.762
No	244	45	18.44		206	22	10.68		0.021
Keeping cats at home
Yes	50	16	32.00	0.002	58	10	17.24	0.138	0.074
No	350	50	14.29		342	36	10.53		0.134
Consumption of raw/undercooked meat
Yes	26	8	30.77	0.043	60	10	16.67	0.174	0.140
No	374	58	15.51		340	36	10.59		0.052
Consumption of oyster
Raw	94	32	34.04	<0.001	134	16	11.94	0.845	<0.001
Boiled	306	34	11.11		266	30	11.28		0.950
Consumption of fish
Raw	147	34	23.13	0.007	167	19	11.38	0.948	0.006
Boiled	253	32	12.65		233	27	11.59		0.721
Consumption of raw vegetables and fruits
Yes	204	37	18.14	0.368	228	27	11.84	0.805	0.066
No	196	29	14.80		172	19	11.05		0.287
Exposure to soil
Yes	232	40	17.24	0.639	247	32	12.96	0.246	0.190
No	168	26	15.48		153	14	9.15		0.182
Gardening or agricultural activities
Yes	257	42	16.34	0.909	257	33	12.84	0.260	0.261
No	143	24	16.78		143	13	9.09		0.053
Washing hands before meals
Yes	262	44	16.79	0.827	266	28	10.53	0.390	0.036
No	138	22	15.94		134	18	13.43		0.559
Source of drinking water
Spring/well	85	19	22.35	0.101	68	13	19.12	0.031	0.625
Tap	315	47	14.92		332	33	9.94		0.054
Total	400	66	16.50		400	46	11.50		0.042