Increased Autophagy Enhances the Resistance to Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis Human Fibroblast-Like Synovial Cell

Figure 3

Cells were treated with 30ng/ml TNF-α in presence or absence of 30 uM CQ for 48 h. Cells were incubated in cultured medium with the mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenoviruses at a MOI of 100 for 36h at 37°C before the treatment with TNF-α and CQ. We counted yellow spots and red spots under the confocal microscope. The red spot represents autolysosome and yellow spot represents autophagosome. The percentage of yellow staining cells and red staining cells were shown in the bar graphs to evaluate autophagosome formation in each group. Values are mean± standard deviation of three independent experiments.