Food-Origin Lactic Acid Bacteria May Exhibit Probiotic Properties: Review

Table 2

Examples of conventional and unconventional sources of probiotic microorganisms.

Source of isolation		Strains identify	Activities	References
Human	Gastrointestinal tract
	(i) stomach	10 of Lb. gasseri, Lb. fermentum, Lb. vaginalis, Lb. reuteri and Lb. salivarius strains	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial activity	[23]
		2 of Lb. reuteri strains among 19 isolates	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial activity, adhesion to epithelial gastric cell line, antioxidative activity antibiotic resistance	[30]
	(ii) intestine	Lb. rhamnosus IMC 501 and Lb. paracasei IMC 502, Lb. plantarum 319	In vivo gastrointestinal conditions resistance, adhesion to HT-29 cells, antimicrobial activities, antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profile.; In vivo survival through intestine in a 3 months human feeding trial	[31]
		Lb. rhamnosus IMC 501 and Lb. paracasei IMC 502	In vivo improvement of intestinal microbiota with beneficial microbes and enhances bowel habits of healthy adults.	[32]
		Lb. helveticus BGRA43	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, antimicrobial and proteolytic activity	[33]
		Lb. fermentum BGHI14 and Lb. helveticus BGRA43	In vitro antimicrobial effect on C. difficile, immunomodulatory activity, increase proliferation of GALT lymphocytes; In vivo reduction of C. perfringens in goats	[34]
	(iii) feaces	10 of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii strains	In vitro adhesion to HT-29 cells, antimicrobial and antibiotic activity, immunomodulatory properties, Short Chain Fatty Acid production	[35]
		Lb. casei/paracasei CTC1677, Lb. casei/paracasei CTC1678 and Lb. rhamnosus CTC1679	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial and antibiotic activity, auto-aggregation; In vivo survival, colonize and persist in the gastrointestinal tract in a human intervention study	[36, 37]
		Lb. fermentum F53 and KC5b, E. gallinarum, and E. faecalis strains	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, assimilation of cholesterol	[38]
	Breast milk, colostrums	E. faecalis F1 and W. confuse F8 strains among 33 isolates	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial and antibiotic activity,	[39]
		Lb. plantarum WLPL04	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial and antibiotic activity, antiadhesion of pathogens, protection from harmful effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and anti-inflammatory properties	[40]
		9 of Lb. gasseri, Bifidobacterium breve, and S. salivarius strains	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial and antibiotic activity, agglutination properties	[41]
		B. animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) INL1	in vivo anti-inflammatory capacities	[42]
Animals	Gastrointestinal tract
	(i) calves	Lb. fermentum V3B-08, Weissella hellenica V1V-30, Lb. farciminis B4F-06	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antibiotic and antimicrobial susceptibility; In vivo mice intestine colonization, immunomodulation	[43]
	(ii) pigs	3 of Lb. salivarius strains	In vitro antimicrobial activity	[44]
	(iii) goats	3 of Pediococcus pentosaceus LJR1, LJR5, and LJR9 strains	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antibacterial activity, adhesion to the HCT-15 cells, anti-inflammatory properties	[45]
	(iv) fishes	15 of Candida sp., R. mucilaginosa, Y. lipolytica, M. viticola, C. laurentii, D. hansenii, and S. cerevisiae yeast strains	In vivo reduction of mortality associated to V. anguillarum challenge in zebrafish	[46]
	(v) bees	Lb. johnsonii CRL1647	In vitro antibacterial activity, high auto-agregation properties; In vivo stimulate of bee egg-laying and vitality	[47, 48]
Fermented food	Milk and dairy products
	(i) camel’s milk	L. lactis KX881768, Lb.plantarum KX881772, L. lactis KX881782 and Lb. plantarum KX881779	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antibiotic and antimicrobial susceptibility, auto- and co-agregation properties, cholesterol removal	[49]
	(ii) yak milk	Lb. plantarum YD5S and YD9S, Lb. pentosus YD8S, Lb. paraplantarum YD11S, E. lactis YHC20 and E. faecium YY1	In vitro: hypocholesteromic effect, acid tolerance, bile tolerance, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, cell surface hydrophobicity	[50]
	(iii) goat’s milk	Lb. plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antibiotic and antimicrobial susceptibility, adhesion properties	[51]
	(iv) cow’s milk	Lb. helveticus KII13 and KHI1 strains	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, adherence to Caco-2 cells, antimicrobial and cholesterol-lowering activity; In vivo cholesterol-lowering activity in mice model	[52]
	(v) whey	16 of Lb. plantarum and Lb. fermentum strains	In vitro antibacterial activity, safety assessment	[53]
	(vi) traditional Greek dairy products	S. thermophilus ACA-DC 26; 2 of Lb. plantarum ACA-DC 2640 and ACA-DC 4039 strains, Lb. plantarum ACA-DC 2640 and S. thermophilus ACA-DC 26 and ACA-DC 170	In vitro antibacterial activity, high adherence ability, anti-inflammatory properties	[54]
	(vii) traditional Polish cheeses	29 of Lb. plantarum strains	In vitro antibacterial activity	[55]
	(viii) Tibetan kefir grain	Lb. kefiranofaciens XL10	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, auto-aggregation properties; In vivo modulation of gut microbiota, adhere and colonize to intestine tissue of mice	[56]
	(ix) Iranian Spar	Lb. brevis LSe	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, antioxidant and high selenium-tolerant activity	[57]
	Raw fermented meat products
	(i) Thai fermented pork sausage	Lb. plantarum subsp. plantarum SKI19	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, adhesion to xylene and chloroform, antimicrobial activity, safety assessment	[58]
	(ii) Harbin dry sausages	Pediococcus pentosaceus R1, Lb. brevis R4, Lb. curvatus R5, and Lb. fermentum	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, auto-aggregation, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, antioxidant activity	[59]
	(iii) raw fermented Polish meat products	21 of Lb. plantarum, Lb. brevis, Pd. pentosaceus strains	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial activity, safety assessment	[60]
	(iv) cooked meat products	E. faecium UAM1	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, auto- and co- aggregation, adhesion to Caco-2 cells,	[61]
	Fishes and seafood
	(i) Hentak, a fermented fish product of North-East India	Lb. brevis LAP2	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, auto-aggregation, hydrophobicity, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential	[62]
	(ii) Japanese fermented fish (funa-sushi)	heat-killed Lb. paracasei NFRI 7415	In vivo inhibition of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis by alcohol intake with stress in mice model	[63]
	(iii) Korean salted fermented seafood (Jeotgal)	Lb. plantarum JBCC105645 and JBCC105683	In vitro stimulation macrophages to produce IL-12; In vivo immunostimulation, inhibition of atopic dermatitis -like skin lesions and reduction serum IgE levels in mice model	[64]
	(iv) marine oyster	E. faecium HL7	In vitro antimicrobial activity, resistant to environmental stressors, antibiotic sensitivity	[65]
	Pickled vegetables
	(i) kimchi	Lactococcus lactis KC24	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial properties, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer activity,	[66]
	(ii) Polish fermented cabbage and cucumber	14 of Lactobacillus spp.	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial properties, adhesion to xylene, safety assessment	[67]
	(iii) cocoa fermentation	Lb. fermentum TcUESC01 and Lb. plantarum TcUESC02	In vitro antimicrobial properties,; In vivo anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation activity	[68]
	(iv) Mexican alcoholic, non-distilled, fermented beverage (Pulque)	Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain P45	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial properties,; In vivo anti-infective activity against S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in challenged mice	[69]
	(v) Korean fermented soybean paste	P. acidilactici SDL 1402, SDL 1405, SDL 1406, Weissella cibaria SCCB 2306, S. thermophilus SCML 337, SCML 300 and E. faecium SC 54	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, auto- and co- aggregation ability, adhesion to xylene, safety assessment; In vivo colonization ability and strongly attachment to Caenorhabditis elegans gut	[70]
	Sourdough, cereal products
	(i) India fermented pearl millet porridge (Kambu koozh)	Lb. fermentum CFR5, CFR1, CFR4 and CFR2 and Lb. delbrueckii CFR6	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, bile salt hydrolase activity, auto-aggregation ability, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, safety assessment	[71]
	(ii) Altamura dough	S. cerevisiae 2 and S. cerevisiae 4	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, hydrophobic ability, antimicrobial activity, safety assessment	[72]
Non-fermented food	Fruits and vegetables
	(i) byproducts of fruit pulp processing	Lb. brevis 59, Lb. pentosus 129, Lb. paracasei 108, Lb. plantarum 49, and Lb. fermentum 111	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial activity, safety assessment	[73]
	(ii) pineapple and pineapple peels	50 isolates of Candida lusitaniae and Meyerozyma caribbica	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial activity, safety assessment	[74]
	(iii) raw fruits and vegetables	48 of Lactobacillus, Weissella and Pediococcus strains	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, immunomodulatory properties, antimicrobial activity	[75]
	(iv) carrot	Enterococcus durans QU 49	In vitro bacteriocin production	[76]
Environment	Food wastes
	(i) poultry slaughterhouse waste	Lb. plantarum LPL9, Lb. ramnosus LRH25, and Lb. fermentum LFE26	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial activity, adhesion to hydrocarbons	[77]
	(ii) moldy corn	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	In vitro Zearalenone removal ability, gastrointestinal conditions resistance, antimicrobial activity	[78]
	Air in working and storage room of bakery	Strains of Lb. plantarum and Lb. sanfranciscensis	16S rRNA gene sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis	[79]
	Soils of North East Himalayas	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JF836079	In vitro gastrointestinal conditions resistance, adhesion to Caco-2 cells; In vivo beneficial effect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease in mice	[80]