The Central Role of the Inflammatory Response in Understanding the Heterogeneity of Sepsis-3

Figure 3

Two-phase model of sepsis-3. In the acute phase of sepsis, the host inflammatory response to an infection is heterogeneous, and sepsis may be classified as “classical” (hyperinflammation) and “non-classical” (hypoinflammation) (Figure 2). In the chronic phase of sepsis, persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolic syndrome (PICS) is the main cause of secondary infection and long-term mortality. CARS, compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment. Adapted and modified from Hotchkiss et al. [3], Mira et al. [4], and Gentile et al. [5].