Research Article
Relationship between Joint Position Sense, Force Sense, and Muscle Strength and the Impact of Gymnastic Training on Proprioception
Table 1
Anthropometric and muscle strength characteristics of participants.
| | | Gymnasts | Nontrained | | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| | Age (years) | 20.54 ± 3.51 | 19.84 ± 0.93 | | Body mass (kg) | 68.26 ± 7.02 | 73.23 ± 8.49 | | Height (cm) | 170.32 ± 4.16 | 177.96 ± 4.90 | | Body mass index (kg⋅m−2) | 23.48 ± 1.59 | 23.14 ± 2.49 | | Body fat (%) | | 11.65 ± 3.16 | | Arm lean mass (kg) | 4.02 ± 0.57 | 3.77 ± 0.61 | | Elbow flexion peak torque | | | | Absolute (N) | | 49.97 ± 12.11 | | Arm lean mass, normalized (N⋅kg−1) | | 13.36 ± 2.87 | | Elbow extension peak torque | | | | Absolute (N) | 70.15 ± 15.26 | 64.70 ± 14.31 | | Arm lean mass, normalized (N⋅kg−1) | 17.42 ± 2.54 | 17.16 ± 2.97 |
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Significant difference between groups at < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001. |
