Relationship between Joint Position Sense, Force Sense, and Muscle Strength and the Impact of Gymnastic Training on Proprioception

Table 3

Pearson’s correlation analysis of the muscle strength and proprioception performance.

	Joint position sense				Muscle strength
	AR		PR		PT flexion		PT extension
	AE	CE	AE	CE	AV	ALM	AV	ALM
Joint position sense AR
AE	/	/	/	/	ns	ns	ns	ns
CE	/	/	/	/	ns	0.52 (G)	ns	ns
Joint position sense PR
AE	/	/	/	/	ns	ns	ns	ns
CE	/	/	/	/	ns	ns	ns	ns
FR 20% MVC flexion
Mean RE	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	(C)	(G)
Mean CE	0.50	ns	ns	(G)	ns	ns	ns	(G)
RE range	0.48 (C)	ns	ns	(G)	ns	ns	ns	ns
FR 20% MVC extension
Mean RE	ns	ns	ns	ns	(C)	ns	ns	ns
Mean CE	ns	(G)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
RE range	ns	(G)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
FR 50% MVC flexion
Mean RE	ns	0.49 (G)	ns	0.56 (G)	ns	ns	ns	ns
Mean CE	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
RE range	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
FR 50% MVC extension
Mean RE	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Mean CE	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
RE range	ns	(G)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

/ indicates the correlation between the same proprioceptive performances, which was not analyzed. AE: absolute error; ALM: arm lean mass normalized values; AR: active reproduction; AV: absolute values; CE: constant error; FR: force reproduction; MVC: maximal voluntary contraction; PR: passive reproduction; PT: peak torque; RE: relative error. and (C) indicate significant correlation in gymnasts and controls, respectively ( < 0.05), and “ns” indicates nonsignificant correlation.