BioMed Research International

Research Article

Identifying Frail-Related Biomarkers among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Japan: A Research Example from the Japanese Gerontological Evaluation Study

Table 2

Relative risk ratio (RRR) with 95% CI in parentheses for intermediate frail and frail by biomarker levels among the JAGES study participants ( = 3,128).


Biomarkers	Robust	Intermediate frail		Frail
Biomarkers	Robust	Model 1	Model	Model 1	Model

HbA1c (male)
Below normal	Reference	0.85 (0.76, 0.96)	0.86 (0.73, 1.02)	1.28 (0.50, 3.30)	1.21 (0.46, 3.18)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	0.99 (0.72, 1.36)	0.99 (0.70, 1.39)	1.04 (0.75, 1.43)	0.99 (0.76, 1.29)
HbA1c (female)
Below normal	Reference	1.19 (1.12, 1.26)	1.22 (1.13, 1.31)	1.21 (0.86, 1.72)	1.20 (0.81, 1.78)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	1.21 (1.07, 1.36)	1.18 (1.02, 1.38)	2.63 (2.22, 3.11)	2.56 (2.23, 2.95)
HDL
Below normal	Reference	1.34 (1.20, 1.48)	1.36 (1.23, 1.51)	1.44 (1.29, 1.62)	1.40 (1.28, 1.52)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	0.70 (0.51, 0.96)	0.69 (0.46, 1.04)	0.50 (0.26, 0.97)	0.48 (0.26, 0.89)
LDL
Below normal	Reference	0.74 (0.51, 1.09)	0.66 (0.41, 1.08)	2.34 (1.56, 3.50)	1.79 (1.21, 2.64)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	1.02 (0.68, 1.53)	1.03 (0.66, 1.60)	0.82 (0.63, 1.06)	0.94 (0.76,1.15)
Triglyceride
Below normal	Reference	1.82 (0.69, 4.82)	2.09 (0.70, 6.26)	0.73 (0.51, 1.04)	0.66 (0.47,0.93)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	1.10 (0.99, 1.22)	1.05 (0.97, 1.14)	0.92 (0.74, 1.14)	0.88 (0.71,1.08)
Haemoglobin
Below normal	Reference	1.34 (1.29, 1.39)	1.36 (1.33, 1.39)	1.75 (1.57, 1.96)	1.59 (1.51,1.68)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	1.02 (0.96, 1.09)	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	1.27 (0.69, 2.34)	1.28 (0.81,2.02)
Serum albumin
Below normal	Reference	1.06 (0.75, 1.48)	0.96 (0.68, 1.36)	2.49 (1.76, 3.52)	2.06 (1.48,2.87)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	1.85 (1.18, 2.88)	1.99 (1.22, 3.23)	2.07 (1.50, 2.85)	2.27 (1.91,2.70)
Creatinine
Below normal	Reference	1.21 (0.61, 2.42)	1.27 (0.60, 2.66)	1.35 (0.66, 2.74)	1.32 (0.63,2.80)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	1.08 (1.02, 1.15)	0.96 (0.82, 1.12)	0.94 (0.79, 1.14)	0.71 (0.63,0.80)
Uric acid
Below normal	Reference	1.09 (0.78, 1.51)	1.08 (0.86, 1.36)	1.30 (0.93, 1.80)	1.10 (0.75,1.59)
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	0.90 (0.70, 1.15)	0.85 (0.65, 1.10)	0.92 (0.88, 0.96)	0.88 (0.77,1.02)
Urine
Protein: absent	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Protein: trace or positive	Reference	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)	1.02 (0.99, 1.04)	1.24 (1.08, 1.42)	1.19 (1.05,1.36)
eGFR
Normal	Reference	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Above normal	Reference	1.11 (1.04, 1.18)	1.12 (0.99, 1.26)	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	1.17 (0.95,1.44)

Model 1: adjusted for age and sex for biomarkers other than HbA1c; adjusted for age for HbA1c. Model 2: Model 1 + all biomarkers. For Hb1Ac, sex interaction is included and estimates are provided by each gender. Note. A robust sandwich estimator for standard errors was used to adjust data clustering within municipalities.