Effects of Diet-Induced Obesity and Deficient in Vitamin D on Spermatozoa Function and DNA Integrity in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Figure 1

Effects of diet-induced obesity and vitamin D deficiency in sperm function in rats. (a) Sperm viability and membrane plasma integrity (PMI), (b) superoxide anion level (), and (c) DNA fragmentation (). G1: control diet with vitamin D (C/VD⁺), G2: control diet without vitamin D (C/VD^-), G3: high-fat diet with vitamin D (HF/VD⁺), and G4: high-fat diet without vitamin D (HF/VD^-). Data are expressed as mean ± SD and analysed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Different superscript letters indicate significantly different rates (p<0.05, n=11).

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