The Adaptive Complexity of Cancer

Figure 2

Metabolic pathways of immunosuppression. TME immunosuppression is induced by the elevated concentrations of immunosuppressive metabolites such as lactate, kynurenine, potassium, and adenosine, released in the TME by cancer cells and other TME resident cells [25, 44–53]. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; MDSCs, myeloid derived suppressor cells; CAFs, cancer associated fibroblast; Tregs, regulatory T cells; myeloid derived suppressor cells; AK, adenosine kinase.