A Meta-Analysis of the Influencing Factors for Tracheostomy after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Table 1

Basic characteristics of the included studies.

Author	Publication year	Country	Case number	Tracheostomy rate	Research; factors
Lee DS [11]	2017	Korea	105	20.0%	1,2,3,4,6,7,10
Tanaka J [20]	2016	Japan	199	11.6%	1,2,3,4,5
Tang H [23]	2016	China	286	10.1%	3,4
Shi TZ [19]	2015	China	203	27.7%	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9
Childs BR [22]	2015	USA	383	15.4%	2,3,4,5,10
Quesnel A [17]	2015	France	108	40.7%	1,3,4
Hou YF [9]	2014	China	345	16.8%	1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10
McCully BH (14]	2014	USA	256	30.1%	1,2,3,4,5,6
Menaker J [15]	2013	USA	128	57.8%	1,2,3,5,6,10
Nakashima H [16]	2013	Japan	164	15.2%	1,2,3,4,7,9
Leelapattana P [12]	2012	Canada	66	62.1%	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,10
Yugue I [21]	2012	Japan	319	10.0%	1,3,4,9
Branco BC [8]	2011	USA	5256	20.6%	1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Ji YH [10]	2011	China	182	9.3%	1,3,8
Li Q [13]	2009	China	512	9.0%	1,8
Shao J [18]	2007	China	1185	8.4%	1,3,4

Note: 1: age; 2: sex; 3: AIS (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale); 4: NLI (neurological level of injury); 5: ISS (injury severity score); 6: GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale); 7: associated injury; 8: respiratory complications; 9: smoking history; 10: mechanism of injury. NLI refers to the most caudal segment of the spinal cord with normal sensory and motor functions on both sides of the body. Respiratory complications were defined as pneumonia, complicated pleural effusion, and atelectasis requiring additional oxygen supply. AIS is now based on the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI). Thoracic injury was defined as pneumothorax, hemothorax, or frail chests. The mechanism of injury refers to traffic accidents, falls, or others.