The Critical Role of Biliary Candidiasis in Development of Surgical Site Infections after Pancreatoduodenectomy: Results of Prospective Study Using a Selective Culture Medium for Candida Species
Table 3
Uni- and multivariate analysis for identifying the risk factors of SSIs after PD.
Perioperative variables
SSIs (n=14)
Non-SSIs (n=37)
P-value
Odd’s ratio
95 CI
P-value
Preoperative factors
Age (mean±SD)
69.6±6.8
65.5±10.0
0.220
Gender (male/female)
10/4
19/18
0.196
Primary disease (malignancy/benign)
11/3
28/9
1.00
Preoperative biliary stenting
6/8
11/26
0.508
Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy (yes/no)
6/8
20/17
0.475
Preoperative usage of antibiotics (yes/no)
9/5
20/17
0.510
Preoperative probiotics usage (yes/no)
2/12
12/25
0.297
Preoperative diabetes mellitus
1/13
7/30
0.491
Body mass index (kg/m2)
20.6±3.9
20.2±4.0
0.874
Total protein (g/dl)
6.9±0.79
6.5±0.69
0.080
Albumin (g/dl)
4.0±0.42
3.9±0.47
0.429
Cholinesterase
0.79±0.19
0.79±0.21
0.958
White blood cell counts (/mm2)
5,393±1,801
5,252±1,568
0.908
Neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio
3.6±1.8
3.4±2.5
0.353
Hemoglobin (g/dl)
12.5±1.6
12.2±1.3
0.526
Platelet count (x103 ml)
213±79
207±49
0.393
Total bilirubin
0.70±0.36
0.70±0.35
0.348
Direct bilirubin
0.22±0.17
0.15±0.11
0.128
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/l)
24±10.5
23±17
0.305
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)
25±15
19±16
0.266
C-reactive protein (mg/l)
0.35±0.15
0.20±0.25
0.434
Lactic acid dehydrogenase (U/l)
176±58
189±36
0.966
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/l)
98±127
32±40
0.148
Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)
301±141
263±107
0.291
Bacterial and fungal species through bile juice
Enterococcus species (yes/no)
13/1
24/13
0.077
Klebsiella species (yes/no)
2/12
7/30
0.981
Escherichia coli (yes/no)
1/13
3/34
0.639
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (yes/no)
2/12
3/34
0.606
Enterobacter species (yes/no)
3/11
9/28
0.879
Staphylococcus species (yes/no)
2/12
5/32
0.701
Candida species (yes/no)
12/2
10/27
<0.001
333
0.003-0.28
0.0002
Intra- and early postoperative factors
Operation time (min)
490±165
499±114
0.696
Other organ resections (yes/no)
1/13
1/36
0.478
Combined portal vein resections (yes/no)
3/11
19/18
0.054
Intraoperative blood loss (g)
730.5 (216-7700)
491 (0-4930)
0.696
Blood transfusion (yes/no)
6/8
6/31
0.066
11.5
0.009-0.832
0.034
PT-INR (POD1)
1.29±0.14
1.21±0.15
0.105
C-reactive protein on POD1(mg/l)
8.6±2.9
7.6±3.1
0.221
White blood cell count POD1
9,746±5,292
9,319±3,182
0.736
POD: postoperative day and PT-INR: prothrombin time-international normalized ratio.
