Risk Factors for Neonatal Sepsis: A Retrospective Case-Control Study among Neonates Who Were Delivered by Caesarean Section at the Trauma and Specialist Hospital, Winneba, Ghana

Table 1

Association between neonatal characteristics and neonatal sepsis.

Variable	Cases	Controls	Total	Chi-square, 2 (p-value)
	n=67()	n=316()	N=383()
Gestational age (weeks)
<37	16 (23.9)	42 (13.3)	58 (15.1)
37-42	49 (73.1)	258 (81.6)	307 (80.2)	5.10 (0.078)
>42	2 (3.0)	16 (5.1)	18 (4.7)
Birth weight (Kg)
<1.5	9 (13.4)	17 (5.4)	26 (6.8)
1.5-2.5	9 (13.4)	64 (20.2)	73 (19.1)	6.64 (0.036)
>2.5	49 (73.2)	235 (74.4)	284 (74.1)
Sex
Male	34 (50.8)	153 (48.4)	187 (48.8)
Female	33 (49.2)	163 (51.6)	196 (51.2)	0.12 (0.729)
Neonatal age (Days)
<7	55 (82.1)	128 (40.5)	183 (47.8)	38.31 (<0.001)
≥7	12 (17.9)	188 (59.5)	200 (52.2)
APGAR score in the first minute
<7	27 (40.3)	96 (30.4)	123 (32.1)	2.49 (0.114)
≥7	40 (59.7)	220 (69.6)	260 (67.9)
APGAR score in the fifth minute
<7	17 (25.4)	58 (18.3)	75 (19.6)	1.73 (0.789)
≥7	50 (74.6)	258 (81.7)	308 (80.4)
Meconium
None	8 (11.9)	108 (34.2)	116 (30.3)
Passed	59 (88.1)	208 (65.8)	267 (69.7)	12.95 (<0.001)
No	55 (82.1)	254 (80.4)	309 (80.7)
Yes	12 (17.9)	62 (19.6)	74 (19.3)	0.10 (0.747)
Reason for CS
Emergency	60 (89.5)	182 (57.6)	242 (63.2)
Elective	7 (10.5)	134 (42.4)	141 (36.8)	24.27 (<0.001)
Duration of stay
< 1 week	48 (71.6)	290 (91.8)	338 (88.3)
1-2 weeks	8 (11.9)	22 (7.0)	30 (7.8)
<2 weeks	11 (16.5)	4 (1.2)	15 (3.9)	36.69 (<0.001)
Outcome of admission
Discharged	61 (91.0)	300 (94.9)	361 (94.3)
Died	4 (6.0)	13 (4.1)	17 (4.4)
Referred	2 (3.0)	3 (1.0)	5 (1.3)	2.27 (0.321)