Cellular and Molecular Heterogeneity Associated with Vessel Formation Processes

Figure 5

Multifocal heterogeneity of mural cells per organ-blood barrier. Morphofunctional, organisational, and molecular specificities of pericytes and smooth muscle cells in different organs, also in physiological and pathological contexts. SMC: smooth muscle cell. CP: cardiac pericyte. IL-6: interleukin 6. LIF: leukaemia inhibitory factor. COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2. HMOX-1: heme oxygenase 1. VEGF-A: vascular endothelial growth factor A. PDGF-β/PDGFR-β: platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1. bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor. HGF: hepatocyte growth factor. EGF: endothelial growth factor. Ang-1: angiopoietin 1. BP: brain pericyte. BBB: brain-blood barrier. CX30: connexin 30. ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PDGF-BB: platelet-derived growth factor BB. HStC: hepatic stellate cell. GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein. α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin. ECM: extracellular matrix. PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor. VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. MSC: mesenchymal stem cell. NG-2: neuron-glial antigen-2. RGS5: regulator of G-protein signalling 5. CD146: cluster of differentiation 146. SM-22: smooth muscle protein 22. smMHC: smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. LP: lung pericyte. BMP: bone marrow pericyte. CD45: cluster of differentiation 45. Lin: lineage marker. CD271: cluster of differentiation 271. LepR: leptin receptor. CXCL-12: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12. CD31: cluster of differentiation 31. CD105: cluster of differentiation 105. CD90: cluster of differentiation 90. CD73: cluster of differentiation 73. SP: skin pericyte. SBB: skin-blood barrier. TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta. ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1. VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion protein 1. CXCL-1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1. CXCL-8: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8. TNFR1/2: tumour necrosis factor 1/2. IL-1R: interleukin 1 receptor. TLRs: Toll-like receptors. Ang-1: angiopoietin 1. EC: endothelial cell. CXCR-3: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3. TP: tumour pericyte. LOX: lysyl oxidase. RG2: rat glioma 2. HSP-47: heat-shock protein 47. VDA: vascular disrupting agent. MMC: microvascular mural cell. KLF4: Kruppel-like factor 4. Organ icons obtained from the Noun Project website (https://thenounproject.com): brain by David; heart by PJ Witt; lungs by Ayub Irawan; skin by Hermine Blanquart; liver by Kamaluddin; bone (named pacifier) by corpus delicti; tumour (named disease) by Viral faisalovers from the Noun Project.