Isocentric Navigation for the Training of Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy: A Feasibility Study

Figure 1

(a) The radiopaque surface locator was attached to the surface of the cadaver to identify the bony landmarks under the intraoperative fluoroscopy. (b) Modifying the arch-guided device to make the vertical beam onto the posterior projection of the puncture target and make the lateral beam onto the lateral projection of the puncture target. (c) Puncture needle was inserted directly to reach the target point along the puncture cannula. (d) Puncture needle was located on the medial pedicle margin in the anteroposterior view and at superior articular process of lower vertebrae on the lateral view.

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