Effects of Astaxanthin on Miniature Pig Sperm Cryopreservation

Table 1

Effects of astaxanthin (AXT) on standard sperm parameters (mean ± SD).

Sperm treatment	Motility (%)	Progressive motility (%)	VAP (μms^−1)	VSL (μms^−1)	VCL (μms^−1)
Fresh	93.4 ± 0.	71.0 ± 9.	100.3 ± 15.6	70.1 ± 15.7	182.6 ± 30.8
Control	49.8 ± 4.	33.4 ± 2.	99.3 ± 9.6	63.4 ± 7.7	180.9 ± 12.5
AXT 10 μM	42.0 ± 11.	27.0 ± 7.	92.7 ± 4.5	58.7 ± 1.7	178.2 ± 10.3
AXT 50 μM	55.7 ± 2.	35.7 ± 2.	99.7 ± 9.6	60.4 ± 5.6	195.5 ± 15.9
AXT 100 μM	52.7 ± 3.	31.0 ± 5.	98.5 ± 5.0	56.6 ± 7.6	192.9 ± 9.2
AXT 500 μM	66.0 ± 1.	45.7 ± 2.	110.4 ± 11.5	70.8 ± 5.9	203.4 ± 26.0

VAP: average-path velocity; VSL: straight-line velocity; VCL: curvilinear velocity. The results are expressed as means ± SEM of a total number of analyzed boar sperm of 14660. Motility means sperm’s ability to move spontaneously and actively, consuming energy in the process; progressive motility means sperm’s ability to swim fast in a straight line; VAP means the mean velocity of the sperm head along its average trajectory; VSL means the mean path velocity of the sperm head along a straight line from its first to its last position; VCL means the mean path velocity of the sperm head along its trajectory. a, b, and c indicate difference .