Inhibitor of Differentiation-3 and Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors: Implications for Susceptibility to Obesity and Metabolic Disorders

Figure 2

ID3 regulated adipocyte proliferation. EEDs are known to increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Since ID3 is redox-sensitive protein, ROS increases ID3 expression. ID3 binds to E12 protein and releases the repression of transcription of downstream genes like VEGF which may induce angiogenesis. This may share a similar pathway with HFD-induced obesity model in which ID3 increases obesity based on angiogenesis that support adipocyte proliferation. The scheme shows ID3 transcription regulation of genes involved genes in HFD-obesity.