Effects of a Psychoeducational Program on Hemoglobin A1c Level and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Table 3
Comparison of the mean ± standard deviation scores of hemoglobin A1c level and quality of life scales regarding the gender before and after the intervention.
Variables
Before the intervention
5 months after the intervention
Males
Females
Males
Females
HbA1c (mean ± SD)
9.74 ± 1.36
9.86 ± 1.35
0.663
7.72 ± 1.03
7.69 ± 1.05
0.892
<0.001
<0.001
HRQoL scales (mean ± SD)
Physical functioning
46.05 ± 20.74
47.38 ± 18.35
0.742
46.67 ± 21.28
47.98 ± 19.10
0.753
0.253
0.391
Role limitations due to physical health
48.95 ± 22.65
45.36 ± 23.49
0.445
50.70 ± 22.75
45.60 ± 23.59
0.280
0.032
0.323
Role limitations due to emotional problems
62.49 ± 26.89
54.74 ± 20.64
0.122
65.22 ± 26.61
59.43± 18.82
0.231
0.065
0.012
Energy/fatigue
47.54 ± 14.55
39.52 ± 14.13
0.007
50.53 ± 13.29
42.14 ± 13.17
0.002
0.004
0.047
Emotional well-being
47.02 ± 12.92
41.43 ± 13.31
0.038
52.70 ± 13.84
44.10 ± 16.16
0.005
<0.001
0.033
Social functioning
60.09 ± 16.61
54.17 ± 19.46
0.106
60.73 ± 16.62
54.45 ± 19.10
0.085
0.487
0.675
Pain
51.89 ± 24.40
46.19 ± 23.96
0.250
51.68 ± 25.21
47.52 ± 24.44
0.414
0.822
0.093
General health
54.91 ± 23.53
43.88 ± 23.77
0.024
61.44 ± 22.38
47.45 ± 25.12
0.004
0.001
0.033
Independent - and paired -tests were used for comparing means, value between groups, value within the group (males) before and after intervention, and value within the group (females) before and after intervention. < 0.05 is significant (two-tailed).
