Effects of a Psychoeducational Program on Hemoglobin A1c Level and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Table 4
Comparison of the mean ± standard deviation scores of hemoglobin A1c level and quality of life scales regarding the education before and after the intervention.
Variables
Before the intervention
5 months after the intervention
Educated number = 57
Noneducated number = 42
Educated number = 57
Noneducated number = 42
HbA1c (mean ± SD)
9.68 ± 1.40
9.93 ± 1.28
0.376
7.54 ± 0.85
7.93 ± 1.22
0.067
<0.001
<0.001
HRQoL scales (mean ± SD)
Physical functioning
51.23 ± 19.87
40.36 ± 17.79
0.006
52.11 ± 20.44
40.60 ± 18.32
0.005
0.192
0.570
Role limitations due to physical health
49.30 ± 23.46
44.88 ± 22.29
0.347
50.79 ± 23.73
45.48 ± 22.19
0.261
0.055
0.168
Role limitations due to emotional problems
63.75 ± 22.97
53.04 ± 25.69
0.032
65.88 ± 22.04
58.54 ± 25.41
0.128
0.046
0.018
Energy/fatigue
45.26 ± 15.37
42.62 ± 14.15
0.384
47.89 ± 14.11
45.71 ± 13.46
0.440
0.010
0.022
Emotional well-being
46.67 ± 14.11
41.90 ± 11.76
0.078
50.18 ± 15.68
47.52 ± 15.05
0.400
0.009
0.001
Social functioning
59.87 ± 17.32
54.46 ± 18.69
0.141
60.51 ± 16.68
54.75 ± 19.13
0.114
0.487
0.675
Pain
50.55 ± 25.68
48.01 ± 22.41
0.609
51.56 ± 26.51
47.68 ± 22.51
0.445
0.196
0.767
General health
53.04 ± 24.67
46.43 ± 23.15
0.180
57.72 ± 24.97
52.50 ± 23.72
0.296
0.005
0.007
Independent - and paired -tests were used for comparing means, value between groups, value within the group (educated) before and after intervention, and value within the group (noneducated) before and after intervention. < 0.05 is significant (two-tailed).
