Lung Involvements in Rheumatic Diseases: Update on the Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Treatment

Table 1

Spectrum and relative prevalence of lung involvements in rheumatic diseases.

	Parenchymal		Pleural	Vascular
	ILD	Airways		PAH	DAH
Rheumatoid arthritis	++	++	++	+	–
Systemic sclerosis	+++	–	–	+++	–
Myositis	+++	–	–	+	–
Systemic lupus erythematosus	+	+	+++	+	++

The signs show relative prevalence of each manifestation (none: –, low: +, medium: ++, and high: +++); ILD: interstitial lung disease; DAH: diffuse alveolar hemorrhage; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension (cited and modified from “Interstitial Lung Disease in Connective Tissue Disorders” by A. Fischer and R. du Bois. Lancet 2012; 380: 689–98).