Difference between the Upper and the Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients Taking Nonvitamin K Oral Anticoagulants

Table 4

Significance of clinical factors and gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants (univariate analysis).

Clinical factor	Upper GIB	value	Lower GIB	value
	HR (95% CI)		HR (95% CI)
Biographic data
Age	1.13 (1.03–1.23)	0.01	1.06 (1.00–1.13)	0.03
Sex	0.89 (0.22–3.54)	0.86	0.36 (0.14–0.90)	0.03
Weight	0.97 (0.92–1.03)	0.30	0.95 (0.91–0.99)	0.02
Serum creatinine	1.43 (0.26–7.89)	0.69	0.79 (0.13–4.62)	0.79
CHADS2 score	0.94 (0.54–1.64)	0.82	1.06 (0.72–1.57)	0.76
HAS-BLED score	0.84 (0.40–1.77)	0.64	2.21 (1.35–3.61)	<0.01
NOAC
Dabigatran	0.24 (0.03–1.91)	0.18	1.26 (0.46–3.45)	0.65
Rivaroxaban	1.09 (0.29–4.06)	0.90	1.07 (0.40–2.86)	0.89
Apixaban	2.73 (0.71–10.5)	0.14	0.66 (0.19–2.33)	0.52
Past history
GIB	0.05 (0–4E + 12)	0.85	15.9 (3.6–70.0)	<0.01
Digestive ulcer	16.8 (4.5–62.6)	<0.01	0.05 (0–1E + 4)	0.56
Cerebral infarction	0.71 (0.09–5.65)	0.74	0.36 (0.05–2.70)	0.32
Coexistent disease
Hypertension	24.6 (0–1E + 6)	0.48	1.15 (0.26–5.03)	0.86
Diabetes mellitus	0.39 (0.05–3.10)	0.85	0.85 (0.28–2.60)	0.78
Dyslipidemia	0.14 (0.02–1.14)	0.07	2.24 (0.84–5.98)	0.11
Chronic heart failure	1.15 (0.29–4.61)	0.85	1.17 (0.43–3.12)	0.76
Malignant diseases	0.04 (0–724)	0.53	0.04 (0–37.6)	0.36
Concomitant agent
Low dose aspirin	0.03 (0–32.4)	0.34	3.03 (1.19–7.68)	0.02
Thienopyridine	0.04 (0–1E + 4)	0.56	2.93 (0.95–9.04)	0.06
Dual antiplatelet	0.05 (0–1E + 6)	0.69	7.19 (2.34–22.1)	<0.01
NSAIDs	0.05 (0–4E + 9)	0.81	10.19 (2.70–38.4)	<0.01
Steroids	2.17 (0.27–17.4)	0.47	1.22 (0.16–9.21)	0.85
Diuretics	1.43 (0.36–5.71)	0.61	1.39 (0.52–3.71)	0.51
BP	4.59 (0.57–36.8)	0.15	5.16 (1.18–22.6)	0.03
PPI	0.12 (0–3.46)	0.13	1.96 (0.74–5.24)	0.18
H2RA	1.60 (0.2–12.9)	0.66	1.83 (0.41–8.0)	0.43
MP	0.04 (0–1E + 4)	0.57	2.20 (0.63–7.69)	0.22

were done by Cox proportional hazard model with stepwise forward likelihood method. NOAC: nonvitamin K oral anticoagulant, GIB: gastrointestinal bleeding, NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, BP: bisphosphonate, PPI: proton pump inhibitor, H2RA: histamine 2 receptor antagonist, and MP: mucoprotective agent.