Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor- Prevents Cholesterol Gallstone Formation in C57bl Mice by Regulating Bile Acid Synthesis and Enterohepatic Circulation

Table 1

Pioglitazone alleviates diet-induced obesity and biochemical parameters in mice fed on LGD.

Variables	Group NC	Group CM	Group L	Group LM
Body weight (g)	29.8 ± 1.2	27.4 ± 1.3	33.0 ± 1.8#	29.2 ± 2.0Δ
Body adipose mass (g)	0.69 ± 0.18	0.61 ± 0.14	1.92 ± 0.82#	0.93 ± 0.24Δ
Liver weight (g)	0.89 ± 0.11	0.86 ± 0.14	1.16 ± 0.22#	1.04 ± 0.18Δ
Liver weight/ body weight ()	2.98 ± 0.20	3.11 ± 0.28	3.56 ± 0.38	3.51 ± 0.30
Adipose mass/body weight ()	2.31 ± 0.39	2.20 ± 0.33	5.73 ± 1.70#	3.13 ± 0.48Δ
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.88 ± 0.25	2.78 ± 0.18	4.82 ± 1.07#	4.04 ± 0.45#
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.60 ± 0.10	0.59 ± 0.20	1.14 ± 0.28	0.80 ± 0.08
Blood bile acid (mol/L)	8.83 ± 4.57	9.33 ± 5.92	7.47 ± 2.0	10.70 ± 5.85Δ
HDL (mmol/L)	2.17 ± 0.20	2.00 ± 0.11	2.84 ± 0.26#	3.15 ± 0.68#
LDL (mmol/L)	0.72 ± 0.38	0.67± 0.16	1.12 ± 0.26	0.86 ± 0.12
ALT (U/L)	26.5 ± 3.6	28.1 ± 1.1	28.6 ± 4.8	30.3 ± 3.6
AST (U/L)	124.5 ± 22.8	112.5 ± 14.7	134.3 ± 25.5	143.7 ± 37.6

Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) (n=7 for each group). P<0.05 vs. group NC; #P<0.05 vs. group CM; ΔP<0.05vs. group L. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase. Group L, lithogenic diet (LGD) treatment group; group LM, LGD plus pioglitazone treatment group; group CM, chow diet plus pioglitazone treatment group; group NC, control group (neither LGD nor pioglitazone treatment).