Research Article
Association of Initial Serum Total Calcium Concentration with Mortality in Critical Illness
Table 1
Characteristics of the study patients according to admission serum calcium levels.
| | Characteristics | Serum Calcium Levels (mg/dl) | P-value | | | ≤7.6 | 7.7- 8.1 | 8.2- 8.5 | 8.6- 9.0 | ≥9.0 | |
| | Clinical parameters, n (%) | 7701 | 8382 | 8824 | 10219 | 9760 | | | Age, years | 62.5±17.6 | 64.5±17.1 | 64.6±17.3 | 64.7±17.5 | 63.6±17.7 | <0.001 | | Female, n (%) | 3578(46.5%) | 3551 (42.4%) | 3804 (43.1%) | 4517 (43.8%) | 4642 (47.6%) | <0.001 | | SBP, mmHg | 114.2±16.7 | 117.4±16.8 | 119.8±16.9 | 121.5±17.5 | 122.8±18.3 | <0.001 | | DBP, mmHg | 59.6±10.9 | 59.7±10.9 | 60.8±11.0 | 62.0±11.4 | 62.8±11.9 | <0.001 | | Heart rate, beats/minute | 90.5 ± 16.8 | 86.9 ± 16.2 | 84.7 ± 15.6 | 83.5 ± 15.6 | 83.8 ± 15.7 | <0.001 | | Respiratory rate, beats/minute | 19.6 ± 4.4 | 19.0 ± 4.1 | 18.9 ± 4.0 | 18.9 ± 4.0 | 18.9 ± 3.9 | <0.001 | | Temperature, °C | 36.9 ± 0.8 | 36.9 ± 0.6 | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.7 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | | SPO2, % | 97.1 ± 3.6 | 97.2 ± 2.4 | 97.1 ± 2.4 | 97.0 ± 2.3 | 97.0 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | | Comorbidities, n (%) | | | | | | | | Coronary artery disease | 1400 (18.2) | 1972 (23.5) | 2222 (25.2) | 2892 (28.0) | 2442 (25.0) | <0.001 | | Chronic heart failure | 951 (12.3) | 1361 (16.2) | 1497 (17.0) | 2088 (20.2) | 1881 (19.3) | <0.001 | | Atrial fibrillation | 1802 (23.4) | 2294 (27.4) | 2406 (27.3) | 2821 (27.3) | 2450 (25.1) | <0.001 | | Stroke | 381 (4.9) | 584 (7.0) | 809 (9.2) | 1220 (11.8) | 1304 (13.4) | <0.001 | | AKI | 2627 (34.1) | 2322 (27.7) | 2115 (24.0) | 2464 (23.9) | 2528 (25.9) | <0.001 | | CKD | 988 (12.8) | 1192 (14.2) | 1254 (14.2) | 1712 (16.6) | 1743 (17.9) | <0.001 | | Liver disease | 687 (8.9) | 646 (7.7) | 567 (6.4) | 583 (5.6) | 677 (6.9) | <0.001 | | Pneumonia | 2176 (28.3) | 2042 (24.4) | 2078 (23.5) | 2327 (22.6) | 2126 (21.8) | <0.001 | | COPD | 155 (2.0) | 206 (2.5) | 220 (2.5) | 324 (3.1) | 340 (3.5) | <0.001 | | Malignancy | 1659 (21.5) | 1771 (21.1) | 1719 (19.5) | 1747 (16.9) | 1697 (17.4) | <0.001 | | Chronic pancreatitis | 98 (1.3) | 91 (1.1) | 93 (1.1) | 89 (0.9) | 73 (0.7) | 0.005 | | Acute pancreatitis | 312 (4.1) | 210 (2.5) | 183 (2.1) | 164 (1.6) | 163 (1.7) | <0.001 | | ARDS | 141 (1.8) | 138 (1.6) | 157 (1.8) | 173 (1.7) | 179 (1.8) | 0.812 | | Elixhauser Comorbidity Index | 14.5 ± 13.2 | 12.7 ± 12.8 | 11.4 ± 12.4 | 10.7 ± 12.1 | 11.3 ± 12.2 | <0.001 | | Laboratory parameters | | | | | | | | Bicarbonate, mmol/l | 23.0 ± 4.5 | 24.7 ± 4.3 | 25.5 ± 4.2 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 26.4 ± 4.8 | <0.001 | | Creatinine, mEq/L | 1.7 ± 2.0 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | <0.001 | | Chloride, mmol/l | 109.4 ± 6.7 | 107.3 ± 6.0 | 106.1 ± 5.9 | 105.2 ± 5.9 | 105.2 ± 6.6 | <0.001 | | Glucose, mg/dl | 186.1 ± 123.4 | 171.9 ± 90.5 | 171.4 ± 94.7 | 173.9 ± 98.1 | 191.2 ± 128.7 | <0.001 | | Hematocrit, % | 34.0 ± 5.8 | 34.2 ± 5.7 | 34.9 ± 5.7 | 35.8 ± 5.7 | 37.1 ± 5.9 | <0.001 | | Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.3 ± 2.1 | 11.4 ± 2.0 | 11.6 ± 2.0 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 12.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | | Platelet, 109 /L | 231.6 ± 133.7 | 244.7 ± 131.1 | 252.9 ± 127.6 | 263.3 ± 124.9 | 269.9 ± 131.1 | <0.001 | | Sodium, mmol/L | 140.3 ± 5.2 | 139.9 ± 4.7 | 139.9 ± 4.5 | 140.1 ± 4.5 | 140.6 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | | BUN, mg/dl | 30.8 ± 25.8 | 29.0 ± 23.1 | 28.1 ± 22.1 | 29.0 ± 22.8 | 31.9 ± 24.5 | <0.001 | | WBC, 109 /L | 14.9 ± 10.8 | 14.0 ± 14.0 | 13.3 ± 9.6 | 13.2 ± 11.7 | 13.2 ± 11.4 | <0.001 | | Scoring systems | | | | | | | | SOFA | 5.3 ± 3.6 | 4.3 ± 3.1 | 3.9 ± 2.9 | 3.7 ± 2.8 | 4.1 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | | SAPSII | 39.2 ± 15.6 | 35.9 ± 14.5 | 34.2 ± 13.9 | 33.7 ± 13.8 | 35.0 ± 14.4 | <0.001 | | Renal replacement therapy | 403 (5.2) | 353 (4.2) | 335 (3.8) | 476 (4.6) | 709 (7.3) | <0.001 |
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AKI: acute kidney injury; CKD: chronic kidney diseases; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; WBC: white blood cell; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SAPSII: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II.
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