Violence Experience among Immigrants and Refugees: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy
Table 2
Frequency and characteristics of the different types of victimization that occurred in the study population.
N
%
Experienced at least one episode of violence during their stay in Italy
234
46.5
Experienced at least one episode of violence in the last 12 months in Italy
201
40
Experienced at least one episode of violence with racial discrimination a
124
61.7
Type of violence a
Psychological
107
53.2
Physical
81
40.3
Economic
38
18.9
Sexual
4
2
Site of the violence a
Street
138
68.6
Working place
44
21.9
Home
21
10.4
Public transport
20
9.9
Camp
6
3
Perpetrator a
Unknown people
138
68.6
Employer
42
20.9
Another immigrant
20
9.9
Husband/partner
13
6.5
Acquaintance
9
4.5
Relatives
2
1
Consequences of physical violence b
Contusions
44
54.3
Cutting wounds
14
17.3
Fractures
13
16
Lacerations
12
14.8
Psychological consequences of the violence a
Post-traumatic stress disorder
107
53.2
Chronic anxiety
62
30.8
Aggressiveness
19
9.4
Phobias
18
8.9
Sleep disorders
9
4.5
Anger
3
1.5
Depression
2
1
Reaction to the violence a
None
157
78.1
Go to the hospital
16
7.9
Ask for help from friends/relatives
11
5.5
Go to the police
10
5
Self-medication
7
3.5
Go to a doctor
5
2.5
a Only for those who reported that they had experienced at least one episode of violence in the last 12 months in Italy. b Only for those who reported that they had experienced at least one episode of physical violence in the last 12 months in Italy.
