Violence Experience among Immigrants and Refugees: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy

Table 3

Multivariable logistic and ordered regression models indicating associations between several variables and the different outcomes of interest.

Variable	OR	SE	95% CI	p value
Model 1. Profile of the subject who has experienced at least one form of violence in the last 12 months in Italy
Log likelihood=-306.86, =63.16 (7 df), p<0.0001
Length of stay in Italy	1.01	0.01	1.003-1.01	<0.0001
Living condition
House	1
Camp	0.29	0.08	0.17-0.51	<0.0001
Street	1.93	0.79	0.86-4.31	0.11
Female	1.41	0.29	0.93-2.14	0.1
Age	0.99	0.01	0.97-1.01	0.19
Regional origin
Sub-Saharan Africa	1
Eastern Europe	0.71	0.19	0.43-1.19	0.2
Employment status	0.81	0.18	0.53-1.24	0.34
Model 2. Profile of the subject according to the number of episodes of any form of violence experienced since arriving in Italy
Log likelihood=-209.68, =65.18 (21 df), p<0.0001
Experienced psychological consequences of the violence	0.19	0.08	0.08-0.46	<0.0001
Female	3.32	1.18	1.65-6.68	<0.0001
Experienced at least one racially discriminatory episode of violence	2.87	0.91	1.54-5.34	0.001
Length of stay in Italy	1.005	0.01	1.001-1.01	0.017
Educational level
Illiterate	1
High school and above	0.31	0.15	0.12-0.79	0.015
Middle school	0.31	0.16	0.12-0.83	0.02
Primary school	0.79	0.44	0.26-2.34	0.7
Living condition
House	1
Camp	0.46	0.21	0.19-1.11	0.08
Street	0.41	0.22	0.15-1.16	0.09
Known perpetrator	1.9	0.82	0.81-4.47	0.14
Religion
Atheist	1
Muslim	3.51	3.05	0.63-19.3	0.15
Christian/Catholic	1.34	1.12	0.26-6.99	0.73
Other	1.12	1.01	0.19-6.51	0.9
Type of violence
Psychological	1
Economic	0.55	0.27	0.21-1.43	0.22
Physical/Sexual	0.92	0.29	0.49-1.69	0.79
Age	0.98	0.01	0.96-1.01	0.28
Violence in street and public transport	0.69	0.29	0.3-1.57	0.38
Reaction to the violence	1.36	0.54	0.63-2.95	0.43
Regional origin
Sub-Saharan Africa	1
Eastern Europe	1.31	0.62	0.52-3.32	0.56
Asia/ South America	0.9	0.36	0.41-1.98	0.79
Employment status	1.06	0.32	0.59-1.91	0.84

Reference category.