Ginsenosides: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent

Table 2

Pharmacological activity and mechanism of ginsenosides on Parkinson and Alzheimer’s disease.

Pharmacological effects	Ginsenosides	Mechanism	References
Anti-Alzheimer’s disease	Rb1	Phosphorylated NF-H and synaptophysin, ONOO^−, A, COX-2, IkB-α↓; nNOS↑	[50–52]
	Rg1	A accumulation, CTFs, p-Tau, and β-amyloid 1-42, BACE 1, NOX2, p47phox, RAC1, NFTs,; TUNEL-positive cells, p-JNK ↓; BDNF, TrkB, NR1, NR2B, ADAM 10 ↑	[53–59]
	Rg2	A accumulation	[53]
	F11	A accumulation,; APP expression, MDA, JNK 2, p53, cleaved caspase 3↓; SOD, GSH-Px ↑	[60]
	Rd	Ibal-1, GFAP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, S100β, IL-10, HSP70, GSSG/GSH ratio, caspase-3, NF-kB p65 ↓	[61, 62]
	Re	AChE ↓	[52]
Anti-Parkinson’s disease	Rg1	MPTP-induced motor, TH,; CD3+CD4+ T cells,; TH, DAT, Bcl-2, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway ↑; α-synuclein, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, CD3+CD8+ T cells↓	[63–68]