Clostridium difficile Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms

Table 1

Resistance rates of Clostridium difficile to common clinical antimicrobial susceptibility agents in different countries.

Country (year)	Number of clinical isolates	Percentage of clinical isolates resistance rate to							Susceptibility methods	References
		Metronidazole	Vancomycin	Clindamycin	Erythromycin	Tetracycline	Moxifloxacin	Rifampicin
Japan (2005)	73	0.0	0.0	87.7	87.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	Etest^1	[43]
Germany (2009)	34	0.0	0.0	0.0	76	0.0	68	0.0	Etest	[30]
Sweden (2009)	80	0.0	0.0	65	13.8	7.5	15	3.8	Etest	[39]
N. America (2009)	316	0.0	0.0	41.5	0.0	0.0	38	7.9	Etest	[23]
France (2009)	224	0.0	0.0	34.8	19.2	0.0	8	0.0	Etest	[31]
Spain (2009)	154	0.0	0.0	74	49	0.0	43	24	Etest	[40]
Korea (2009)	120	0.0	0.0	81	80	0.0	42	0.0	AD^1	[42]
China (2010)	110	0.0	0.0	88.1	85.3	62.7	61.8	29.1	Etest	[36]
S. Korea (2010)	131	0.0	0.0	67.9	0.0	0.0	62.6	19.1	Etest	[51, 53]
Poland (2010)	17	0.0	0.0	100	100	0.0	100	0.0	Etest	[53]
Hungary (2010)	288	0.0	0.0	29.5	31	0.0	41.2	26.4	Etest	[54, 55]
United States (2011–2013)	312	0.0	13.2	36	0.0	6.7	36	11.2	Etest	[29]
New Zealand (2011)	101	0.0	0.0	61	2	0.0	0.0	0.0	Etest	[41]
N. America (2012)	83	0.0	0.0	27.7	85.5	2.4	83	18	Etest	[33]
Poland (2012)	316	0.0	41.5	38	7.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	Etest	[23]
Iran (2013)	75	0.0	0.0	89.3	57.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	Etest	[44]
Hungary (2014)	200	0.0	29.5	31	21.5	11.5	0.0	0.0	Etest	[55]
Czech Republic (2015)	20	0.0	0.0	10	100	0.0	100	65	Etest	[11]
Brazil (2016)	50	0.0	58	0.0	0.0	0.0	8	0.0	AD	[47]
Israel (2017)	81	20.25	31.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.76	0.0	Etest	[46]

Etest: Epsilometer test, AD: agar dilution.