Paleopathological Considerations on Malaria Infection in Korea before the 20th Century

Figure 1

Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of Plasmodium vivax MSP-1₄₂ gene sequences reflecting the genetic traits of South Korean isolates (blue dots) since the reemergence of P. vivax in 1993. We inferred the ML tree by MEGA6 program [114], based on the research result of Kang et al. [97]. Tree building also used additional MSP-1₄₂ gene sequences () collected from GenBank: South Korea (GU476517.1; HQ171935.1; HQ171937.1), Bangladesh (AF435619.1), Brazil (AF435625.1; AF435627.1; AF435630.1), Cambodia (JX461288.1; JX461321.1), China (JX993755.1), Mexico (KP759879.1; KP759884.1), Myanmar (JX490149.1), Nicaragua (KR871998.1; KR872016.1), Rio Meta (DQ907671.1), and Thailand (AF435599.1; AF435605.1). Bootstrap values were made for ML tree [115]; the number in the branches indicates bootstrap proportions (1,000 replicates). Scale is in substitutions per variable site. Support values were calculated using Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model. In this tree, MSP-1₄₂ taxa () could be classified into the five separate clades. South Korean P. vivax taxa () belong to four different clades among them. Half of them were essentially similar to the Belem type; the others were recombinant forms between Sal-1 and Belem.