Functions and Signaling Pathways of Amino Acids in Intestinal Inflammation

Figure 2

Specific signaling pathways of different amino acids in intestinal inflammation are showed. Thr, His, Arg, Leu, Asn, Cys, Gln, Met, and Gly inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway to ameliorate intestinal inflammation. Thr, Arg, Leu, Asn, Trp, Gln, and Ile inhibit MAPK signaling pathway to relieve intestinal inflammation; Leu, Ile, and Val activate GCN2 pathway to improve intestinal inflammation. Tyr, Lys, Trp, Val, and Phe activate CaSR pathway to attenuate intestinal inflammation. NEAAs, Thr, Gln, Leu, Cys, and Trp may promote intestinal inflammation through activating mTOR. Trp reduces intestinal inflammation via activating ACE2 pathway; Cys decreases intestinal inflammation through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Arg decreases intestinal inflammation by iNOS signaling pathway.