A Synbiotic with Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitory Activity Ameliorates Experimental Jejunoileal Mucosal Injury

Figure 7

GWT reduces cytokine production in macrophages and experimental enterocolitis. Effects of GWT on the production of TNF-α (a and c) and IL-12 (b and d) in murine macrophages (RAW264.7) and those stimulated with LPS were examined. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA assays. (e) Effects of GWT on TNF-α expression were examined in intestinal mucosa with TNBS-induced colitis. Rats were given either AIN-93M or AIN-93M including 5% GWT, shown as GWT, for 2 weeks. TNF-α expression levels in mononuclear cells in intestinal mucosa were determined by RT-PCR. The means of TNF-α mRNA levels of each group are shown by horizontal bars.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)