BioMed Research International

Review Article

Eryptosis: An Erythrocyte’s Suicidal Type of Cell Death

Table 1

Factors that stimulate eryptosis. Activation mechanisms can occur through Ca²⁺ ion entry, ceramide formation, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion.


Stimulating factors	Activation mechanism	References

Aluminium	Ca²⁺	[22]
Amantadine	Ca²⁺	[23]
Amiodarone	Ca²⁺	[24]
Amphotericin B	Ca²⁺; ATP depletion	[25]
Amyloid	Ceramide	[26]
Anandamide	Ca²⁺	[27]
Anti-A IgG	Ca²⁺	[28]
Arsenic	Ca²⁺; ceramide; ATP depletion	[29]
Azathioprine	Ca²⁺	[30]
Bismuth chloride	Ca²⁺; ceramide	[25]
Cadmium	Ca²⁺; ATP depletion	[31]
Chlorpromazine	Ca²⁺	[32]
Ciglitazone	Ca²⁺	[33]
Cisplatin	Ca²⁺	[34]
Copper	Ceramide	[35]
Cordycepin	Ca²⁺	[36]
Cryptotanshinone	Ca²⁺	[20]
Curcurmin	Ca²⁺; ceramide	[37]
Cyclosporine	Ceramide; ATP depletion	[38]
CD95/Fas/ligand	ATP depletion	[39]
Glycophorin-C	ATP depletion	[40]
Gold chloride	Ca²⁺	[41]
Hemin	Ca²⁺; ceramide	[25]
Hemolysin	Ca²⁺	[42]
Lead	Ca²⁺	[43]
Leukotriene C	Ca²⁺	[25]
Lipopeptides	ATP depletion	[25]
Listeriolysin	Ca²⁺; ATP depletion	[44]
Lithium	Ca²⁺	[45]
Mercury	Ceramide; ATP depletion	[46]
Methyldopa	Ceramide; ATP depletion	[47]
Methylglyoxal	Ceramide	[48]
Paclitaxel	Ca²⁺; ceramide	[49]
PAF	Ceramide	[50]
Peptidoglycan	Ca²⁺; ceramide	[51]
Radiocontrast agents	Ca²⁺; ATP depletion	[25]
Retinoic acid	Ca²⁺	[52]
Selenium	Ca²⁺; ceramide	[53]
Silver ions	ATP depletion	[25]
Thrombospondin-1-receptor CD47	ATP depletion	[54]
Thymoquinone	ATP depletion	[25]
Tin	Ca²⁺; ceramide; ATP depletion	[55]
Valinomycin	ATP depletion	[7]
Vanadate	Ca²⁺	[56]
Vitamin K (3)	Ceramide	[25]
Zinc	Ca²⁺; ceramide	[57]