Curcumin as Treatment for Bladder Cancer: A Preclinical Study of Cyclodextrin-Curcumin Complex and BCG as Intravesical Treatment in an Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Rat Model

Table 1

Pathological stage per treatment group. CDC: cyclodextrin-curcumin, BCG: Bacillus Calmette Guérin, NMIBC: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, and MIBC: muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Treatment group	Tumor free; pT0; N (%)	NMIBC; pTa, pT1; N (%)	MIBC; pT2, pT3; N (%)	Total; N (%)
(1) CDC	8 (40.0)	4 (20.0)	8 (40.0)	20 (100)
(2) BCG	5 (25.0)	2 (10.0)	13 (65.0)	20 (100)
(3) CDC+BCG	6 (31.6)	6 (31.6)	7 (36.8)	19 (100)
(4) NaCl (control)	3 (15.0)	5 (25.0)	12 (60.0)	20 (100)
Total	22 (27.8)	17 (21.5)	40 (50.6)	79 (100)