(1) To assess the influence of BMI on the short- and midterm clinical outcome following TAVI.
(1) Obese patients had lower prevalence of frailty. (2) All-cause mortality up to 30 days was 2.9% (10/340) vs 4.5% (12/268) vs 0.5% (1/186) in patients with normal weight, overweight, and obesity, respectively (p<0.048). (3) In a multivariable model, overweight and obese patients had similar overall mortality compared to patients with normal weight.
(1) Impact of frailty on outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery
(1) Frail patients had longer median ICU stays (54 vs. 28h, p=0.003), longer median LOS (8 vs. 5 days, p<0.001), greater likelihood of STS-defined complications (54% vs. 32%, p=0.011), and discharge to an intermediate-care facility (45% vs. 12%, p<0.001) (2) not different from non-frail patients on major outcome, operative mortality, or readmissions.
(1) Compared with patients in the fastest gait speed tertile, operative mortality was increased for those in the middle tertile (0.83-1.00m/s; OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.34-2.34) and slowest tertile. (2) After adjusting gait speed remained independently predictive of operative mortality (OR, 1.11 per 0.1-m/s decrease in gait speed; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16). (3) Gait speed was also predictive of the composite outcome of mortality or major morbidity (OR, 1.03 per 0.1-m/s decrease in gait speed; 95% CI, 1.00-1.05).
(1)Death from any cause at 12 mo (2) death from any cause at 30 d or worsening and institutionalization (3) new accrued disabilities at 12 mo
(1) EFT was the strongest predictor of death at 1 y (adjusted [OR]: 3.72; 95% [CI]: 2.54 to 5.45). (2) EFT was the strongest predictor of worsening disability at 1 y (adjusted OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.57 to 2.87) and death at 30 d (adjusted OR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.73 to 6.26).
(1) 30-d all-cause mortality rates were 8.4%, 6.6%, and 5.4% for the slowest, slow, and normal walkers, respectively (P<0.001). (2) Each 0.2-m/s decrease corresponded to an 11% increase in 30-d mortality (adjusted OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01–1.22). (3) The slowest walkers had 35% higher 30-d mortality than normal walkers (adjusted OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.01–1.80), significantly longer LOS, and a lower probability of being discharged to home.
(1) death within the first 6 mo after TAVI; (2) very poor QoL at 6 mo; (3) moderate worsening in QoL from baseline to 6 mo
(1) For all models except the 1-year clinical model, frailty was associated with an increase in the odds of a poor outcome of 30% to 40% when added to the existing models; (2) Adding frailty as a syndrome increased the c-indexes by 0.000 to 0.004, with the most important individual components being disability and unintentional weight loss
(1) Postprocedural period, mortality in 30 d follow-up
(1) Variables from frailty assessment protectively associated with delirium were MMSE, IADL and gait speed (2) TUG was predictively associated with delirium (3) MMSE was independently associated with delirium. (4) Variables predictively associated with mortality were the summary score Frailty Index (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.60; p=0.03) (5) Variables from frailty assessment are associated with delirium and mortality
(1) 30-d and 12-mo all-cause mortality rates were higher in the delirium group (p <0.001). (2) Significantly more patients with delirium were considered as frail before TAVI.
(1) Correlation between baseline serum albumin and all-cause mortality in TAVI patients. (2) low post-procedural albumin following TAVI.
(1) Mortality was higher in the low albumin group compared with the normal albumin group (35% vs. 19%, p=0.01). (2) Multivariate analysis indicated that low preprocedural albumin (≤40 g/L) was independently associated with a more than twofold increase in 2.1 year all-cause mortality (p=0.01, HR=2.28; 95% CI: 1.174.44). (3) Low postprocedural serum albumin remained a strong parameter correlated with all-cause mortality (HR=2.47; 95% CI: 1.284.78; p<0.01).
(1) all-cause mortality (2) total postoperative LOS, discharge disposition and incidence of stroke.
(1) Patients with frailty score of 3/4 or 4/4 had increased all-cause mortality (P = 0.015 and P <0.001) and were more likely to be discharged to an ICU facility (P =0.083 and P = 0.001). (2) 4/4 frail patients had increased post-operative LOS (P = 0.014) (3) Individual components of the frailty score were also independent predictors of all-cause mortality. (4) The HR of mortality increased with each increase in frailty score
(1) General mobility EuroSCORE II (2) Brighton mobility index (3) NYHA (4) Karnofsky performance scale (5) Katz Index (6) CSHA
(1) Assess whether different frailty indices predict outcomes both in the shorter and longer terms
(1) Both univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed poor mobility (EuroSCORE II), as the best predictor of adverse outcome over both the short-term (OR 4.03, 95% CI (1.36–11.96), P50.012 (30 days)) and longer term (OR 2.15, 95% CI (1.33–3.48), P50.002, (2.261.5 years.) (2) Mobility impairment, of either neurological or musculoskeletal etiology, is an appropriate screening measure when considering patients for TAVI.
(1) A multivariate model showed SMI as independent predictors of LOS. (2) For every 14-cm2/m2 increase in SMI, there was a 1-d reduction in LOS. (3) None of the standard measures of frailty predicted LOS.
(1) G8 had a sensibility of 100% (IC 95% [0.91]), a specificity of 72.7% (IC 95% [0.430.9]), a positive predictive value of 92.6% and a negative prospective value of 100% (IC: 95%). (2) G8 scale could be performed by cardiologists in older patients with AS for identifying patients with a geriatric risk profile in consultation before surgery.
(1) MGA/MGBE had no predictive power; its individual components, particularly nutrition (OR 0.83 per 1 pt., CI 0.72–0.95; p=0.006) and mobility (OR 5.12, CI 1.64–16.01; p=0.005) had a prognostic impact.
(1) modified CSHA (2) RAI (3) 6-mo mortality index by Porock (3) Ganapathi index
(1) 30-d mortality and major postoperative morbidity.
(1) Frailty was a better predictor of mortality than morbidity, and it was not markedly different among any of the 3 indices. (2) Frailty was associated with an increased risk of 30 d mortality and longer LOS.
(1) 30-d mortality and to compare the discrimination of 30-d mortality, and to compare its discriminative ability with STS PROM.
(1) For high- and extreme-risk patients undergoing TAVR, serum albumin, Katz Index, and 5MWT were associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. (2) Only albumin was predictive of 30-day all-cause mortality.
(1) early poor outcome (30 d mortality, stroke, dialysis, and prolonged ventilation
(1) Indexed PMA ([OR] 3.19, [CI] 1.30 to 7.83; p =0.012) and age (OR 1.92, CI 1.87 to 1.98; p = 0.012) predicted early poor outcome. (2) High-resource utilization was observed more frequently in patients with PMA less than the median (73% vs 51%, OR 2.65, CI 1.32 to 5.36; p = 0.006).
(1) The impact of preoperative frailty status on postoperative hospitalization costs
(1) The median cost was 32,742 in frail patients compared with 23,370 in non-frail patients (P < 0.001). (2) Total costs were independently associated with frailty and valve surgery (P < 0.001). (3) This effect persists after adjusting for age, sex, surgery type, and surgical risk score.
(1) association between baseline 6MWT and functional improvement (2) association between baseline 6MWT and mortality.
(1) There were no differences in 30-d outcomes among 6MWTD groups. (2) At 2 y, the rate of death from any cause was 42.5% in those unable to walk, 31.2% in slow walkers, and 28.8% in fast walkers (p = 0.02), driven primarily by differences in noncardiac death. (3) Patients with poor baseline functional status exhibit the greatest improvement in 6MWTD.
(1) Time to death from any cause over 1 y of follow up and poor outcome at 1y
(1) At 30 d, there were no differences in rates of MACCE according to baseline frailty status. (2) At 1 y all-cause mortality rate was 32.7% in the frail group and 15.9% in the non-frail group (log-rank p=0.004). (3) Frailty remained independently associated with an increased odds of poor outcome after TAVI at both 6 mo (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.09–4.46, p = 0.03) and 1 y (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.14–5.05, p = 0.02).
(1) Participants with low albumin levels had higher mortality (HR) = 3.03, 95% (CI) = 1.66–5.26, P < .001). (2) Participants with low serum albumin and a high STS (HR = 4.55, 95% CI = 2.21–9.38, P < .001) or EuroSCORE-2 (HR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.48–5.06, P = .001) (3) Serum albumin, as a marker of frailty, can significantly improve the ability of STS and EuroSCORE-2 scores to predict TAVR-related mortality.
(1) Katz index (2) independence in ambulation (3) dementia
(1) Composite end point defined as MACCE
(1) Frailty was significant (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.5) predictor. (2) The concordance statistic for the MACCE model in a mixed population was 0.764 (95% CL; 0.75-0.79) and had excellent calibration.
(1) Albumin levels <3.3 g/dl predicted death at 30 d. (2) Albumin levels <3.3 g/dl, falls in the past 6 months, predicted death at 1 y. (3) This score (Albumin, assisted living, home oxygen, age>85y) showed a 3-fold difference in mortality rates for the low-risk and high-risk subsets at 30 d (3.6% and 10.9%, respectively) and 1 y (albumin, comorbidities, home oxygen, STS>7%) (12.3% and 36.6%, respectively).
(1) 30-d mortality, AE, hospital readmission (2) hospital LOS, (3) Discharge to a rehabilitation facility,
(1) There was no difference in 30-d mortality, major complications, mean hospital LOS, 30-day hospital re-admission, or overall survival between groups. (2) Frailty was independently associated with discharge to a rehabilitation facility (p=0.004).
(1) The ISAR score was similar but the SHERPA score was significantly higher in non-survivors (7.8 ±1.6 vs. 4.9 ±2.4; P = 0.001). (2) SHERPA score (>7) and BMI were independent predictors of 1y mortality (P = 0.004).
(1) The slowest walkers and those unable to walk demonstrated independent associations with increased midterm mortality after adjustment (HR, 1.83, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.03–3.26, 2.22–8.72; P=0.039, <0.001, respectively). (2) Gait speed <0.385 m/sec associated with worse prognosis (HR 2.40; 95% CI, 1.75–5.88; P=0.001). (3) Increased midterm mortality rate in patients with a gait speed of 0.385~0.5 m/sec, or unable to walk as compared with patients with a normal gait speed.
(1) Katz index (2) EMS (3) Katz Index (4) CSH (5) 5MWT (6) Hand grip strength (7) ISAR
12-mo mortality
(1) Associations between frailty indices and 12-mo all-cause mortality were significant, adjusted for logistic EuroSCORE: (1) for 5MWT, 72.38 (15.95-328.44); (2) for EMS, 23.39 (6.89-79.34); (3) for CSHA scale, 53.97 (14.67-198.53); (4) for Katz index, 21.69 (6.89-68.25); (5) for hand grip strength, 51.54 (12.98-204.74); (6) for ISAR scale, 15.94 (2.10-120.74). (2) 5MWT, EMS, or hand grip test may be advocated.
(1) ROC showed that the FORECAST is a valid tool to predict in-hospital mortality (area 0.73). (2) By combining the FORECAST and the STS score, this effect was even higher (area 0.77; P = 0.021). (3) Stratifying the patients according to the FORECAST score showed best survival in the lowest frailty group.
(1) All-cause mortality at 1 y was higher in the low-BMI group (log-rank p=0.003) with no significant difference among normal and above-normal BMI patients. (2) In a multivariate model, BMI <20 kg/m2 was an independent predictor of mortality (HR=2.45, p=0.01)
(1) to determine the extent to which surgery affected measures of physical and mental health and QoL, (2) examine how changes in these patient-centered outcomes compared between non-frail and frail study participants.
(1) Frail participants had lower baseline independence and QoL measures; (2) At follow-up, frail participants showed significant improvement in physical function, with physical health scores improving by 50% and 14%. Non-frail subjects did not significantly improve in these measures. (3) Mental health scores also improved to a greater extent in frail participants (3.6 vs < 1 point). (4) Frail participants improved to a greater extent in physical well-being (21.6 vs 7.1 points) and quality of life measures (25.1 vs 8.7 points)
MPI score the sum of (1) Katz Index (2) MNA-SF (3) SPMSQ (4) CIRS
All cause of mortality at 1 mo
Mortality rate was significantly different between MPI groups at 6 and 12 mo (p=0.040 and p=0.022). Kaplan Meier survival estimates at 1 y stratified by MPI groups were significantly different (HR=2.83, 95% (CI) 1.38–5.82, p=0.004). Among variables retained to perform logistic regression analysis, Katz index appeared the most relevant (p < 0.001).
(1) Katz index (2) independence in ambulation (3) dementia
(1) In-hospital mortality, midterm all-cause mortality and discharge to an institution
(1) Frailty was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.0), as well as institutional discharge (OR 6.3, 95% CI 4.2 to 9.4). (2) Frailty was an independent predictor of reduced midterm survival (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2).
(1) PMA was lower in non-survivors compared with survivors among women (12.9 vs 14.5 cm2; P = 0.047) but not men (21.7 vs 22.4 cm2; P = 0.50). (2) The association between PMA and all-cause mortality in women persisted after adjustment (HR, 0.88 per cm2; 95% CIerval, 0.78-0.99). (3) PMA is a marker of frailty associated with midterm survival in women
(1) Internally validate a multivariable TAVI CPM for predicting 30-d mortality in UK-TAVI patients
(1) The final UK-TAVI CPM included 15 risk factors, which included 2 variables associated with frailty. (2) Scale demonstrated strong calibration and moderate discrimination
(1) procedural outcomes, short-term functional changes, and long-term clinical outcomes
(1) Mortality at 6 w was significantly higher in frail (8.3%) compared with nonfrail (1.7%) patients (p =0.03). Hazards of death (HR: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.54 to 6.07; p <0.001) and death or heart failure decompensation (HR 2.03; 95% CI 1.22 to 3.39; p. 0.007) were significantly increased in frail patients during long-term follow-up, which did not change relevantly after adjustment (2) PMVR can be performed with equal efficacy and is associated with at least similar short-term functional improvement in frail patients.
(1) assess the feasibility of evaluating body composition by CT (2) determine the prevalence of sarcopenia, obesity, sarcopenic obesity; (3) analyze the impact of differing body composition on 30-day and late clinical outcomes.
(1) Sarcopenia predicted cumulative mortality (HR 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 2.36, p=0.04). (2) Differences in body composition had no impact on 30-day clinical outcomes after TAVI.
(1) inter- and postprocedural complications (2) LOS, 30 d and 1-y mortality
(1) SMIs at L3 and T12 significantly correlated with prolonged LOS. (2) SMI3, SMI7 SMI12, SC, and BMI did not show a relationship with perioperative death or complications or 30- day and 1-year mortality rates. (3) VF showed a significant relationship with 30-day and 1-year mortality rates
(1) Significant improvement in overall health status of non-frail patients (mean difference: 11.03, P=0.032). (2) Unadjusted 30-day and 2-year mortality rates were higher in the frail group than the non-frail group (14% vs. 2% P = 0.059; 31% vs. 9% P = 0.018). (3) Kaplan-Meier estimated all-cause mortality to be significantly higher in the frail group (log-rank test; P = 0.042). (4) Frailty status was independently associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio: 1.84, 95% C.I: 1.06–3.17; P=0.028) after TAVI.
(1) To evaluate the use of sarcopenia as a frailty assessment tool
(1) 2 y survival was 85.7% in patients with sarcopenia, compared with 93.8% in patients without sarcopenia (P = .02). (2) Independent predictors of late survival included TPA (HR, 0.47; P = .02). (3) Male sex (OR, 0.52; P = .04) and TPA (OR, 0.6; P = .001) were predictive of high resource utilization. (4) A separate analysis by treatment group found that TPA predicted high resource utilization after SAVR (OR, 0.4; P<.001), but not after TAVI (P = .66)
(1) Early mortality was significantly higher in frail persons (5.5% vs. 1.3%, p=0.04 for immediate procedural mortality; 17% vs. 5.8%, p=0.002 for 30-day mortality; and 23% vs. 6.4%, p<0.0001 for procedural mortality). (2) In contrast, the Katz Index <6 was identified as a significant independent predictor of long-term all-cause mortality by multivariate analysis (HR 2.67 [95% CI: 1.7-4.3], p<0.0001).
(1) main outcomes after cardiovascular surgery in pre-frail patients compared with non-frail patients.
(1) Pre-frail patients showed a longer mechanical ventilation time (193 ± 37 vs. 29 ± 7 hours; p<0.05), LOS at ICU (5 ± 1 vs. 3 ± 1 days; p < 0.05) and total time of hospitalization (12 ± 5 vs. 9 ± 3 days; p < 0.05). (2) In addition, the pre-frail group had a higher number of AE with an increased risk for development stroke (OR: 2.139, 95% CI: 0.622–7.351, p = 0.001; HR: 2.763, 95%CI: 1.206–6.331, p = 0.0001) and in-hospital death (OR: 1.809, 95% CI: 1.286–2.546, p = 0.001; HR: 1.830, 95% CI: 1.476–2.269, p = 0.0001). (3) higher number of pre-frail patients required homecare services (46.5% vs. 0%; p < 0.05).
(1) The HR (95% CI) of mortality among frail versus non-frail patients was 1.83 (1.33–2.51). (2) frailty criteria were considered separately; mortality was also higher among patients with slow gait speed [1.52 (1.05–2.19)] or low physical activity [1.35 (1.00–1.85)].
(1) whether the preoperative FIM is useful for decision making for a strategy in the era of TAVI
(1) The preoperative motor FIM score was significantly lower in the compromised group (45 ± 24) than in the unaffected group (85 ± 9, p =<0.01). (2) The duration of postoperative intubation, ICU stay, and postoperative hospitalization were significantly longer in the compromised group than in the unaffected group (48 ± 67 vs 16 ± 12 h, p<0.01; 6.7 ± 5.3 vs 3.4 ± 2.0 days, p<0.01; 34 ± 27 vs 23 ± 11 days, p = 0.02, respectively).
(1) After adjustment for multiple confounding factors, the normalized PMA tertile was independently associated with mortality at 6 mo (adjusted HR 1.53, 95%, CI 1.06 to 2.21). (2) Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that tertile 3 had higher mortality rates than tertile 1 at 6 m (14% and 31%, respectively, p =0.029). (3) PMA is an independent predictor of mortality after TAVI; 5MWT combined with normalized PMA showed greater discrimination ability than alone.
(1) all-cause unplanned readmission following TAVI
(1) Frailty markers other than MFFC were independently associated with unplanned readmission. (2) The analysis found that the SPPB, the PARTNER frailty scale, the frailty index, CSHA and 5MWT were independently associated with unplanned readmission even after adjustment in the multivariate analysis.
(1) The frailty index strongly predicted functional decline in univariable (OR per 1 point increase 1.57, 95% CI: 1.20–2.05, P = 0.001) and bivariable analyses (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.20–2.04, P = 0.001 controlled for EuroSCORE; OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.17–2.02, P = 0.002 controlled for STS score). (2) Overall predictive performance was best for the frailty index [Nagelkerke’s R2 (NR2) 0.135] and low for the EuroSCORE (NR2 0.015) and STS score (NR2 0.034). (3) In univariable analyses, all components of the frailty index contributed to the prediction of functional decline.
(1) to determine the additional value of indicators of frailty for postoperative survival in the elderly patient sample in the last step
(1) BMI, eGFR, hemoglobin, pulmonary hypertension, mean transvalvular gradient and LV ejection fraction at baseline were most strongly associated with mortality and entered the risk prediction algorithm [C -statistic 0.66, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.61–0.70, calibration v2 -statistic = 6.51; P = 0.69]. (2) Frailty increased the C -statistic to 0.71, 95 % CI 0.65–0.76. (3) Frailty was strongly related to outcome and increased the discriminatory ability of the risk algorithm.
(1) Associations of cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR]: 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 8.31), malnutrition (OR: 6.72, 95% CI: 2.04 to 22.17), mobility impairment (OR: 6.65, 95% CI: 2.15 to 20.52), limitations in basic ADL (OR: 3.63, 95% CI: 1.29 to 10.23), and frailty index (OR: 3.68, 95% CI: 1.21 to 11.19) with 1-year mortality were similar compared with STS score (OR: 5.47, 95% CI: 1.48 to 20.22) and EuroSCORE (OR: 4.02, 95% CI: 0.86 to 18.70). (2) Similar results were found for 30-day mortality and MACCE.
Cardiac surgery Moderately frail 170 Severely frail 31
(1) CAF
(1) correlation of Frailty score to 30-d mortality.
(1) There were low-to-moderate albeit significant correlations of Frailty score with STS score and EuroSCORE ( p < 0.05). (2) There was also a significant correlation between Frailty score and observed 30-day mortality ( p < 0.05). (3) The comprehensive assessment of frailty is an additional tool to evaluate elderly patients adequately before cardiac surgical interventions.
(1) Patients who died within 1 y had a median frailty score of 16 [5;33] compared to 11 [3;33] to the 1 y survivors (P = 0.001). (2) 1 y mortality within each CAF subgroup shows a significantly higher mortality rate among patients in the “severely frail” compared to less frail groups. (3) Higher frailty group had a LOS at the ICU. (4) The CAF score facilitates prediction of mid-term outcome of high-risk elderly patients
(1) Kaplan-Meier curves indicated no significant differences in cumulative 30-d and 1-y survival. (2) BMI <20 was not associated with increased early or midterm mortality.
(1) cumulative all-cause, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality rates were significantly higher in the low albumin group than in the normal albumin group (log-rank test, p <0.001, p = 0.0021, and p <0.001, respectively). (2) Poorer prognosis of the low albumin group in terms of cumulative all-cause and non-cardiovascular mortality was retained (p = 0.038, and p = 0.0068, respectively)
(1) postoperative LOS defined as the number of days from index procedure to hospital discharge
(1) Low PMA was correlated with lower handgrip strength and SPPB scores indicative of physical frailty. (2) Postoperative LOS correlated with PMA (R=L0.47, p =0.004), LMA (R=–0.41, p=0.01), and TMA (R= –0.29, p=0.03). (3) After adjustment PMA remained significantly associated with LOS (β= –2.35, 95% CI –4.48 to –0.22). (4) The combination of low PMA and handgrip strength, indicative of sarcopenia, yielded the greatest incremental value in predicting LOS.
Intervention. TAVI: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, SAVR: survival aortic valve replacement, PMWR: percutaneous mitral valve repair. Frailty Assessment. FFS: Fried phenotype frailty index, SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery, 5MWT: 5-meter walking test, CSHA: Canadian Study of Health and Aging, ISAR: Identification of Seniors at Risk, MMSA: MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, EMS: Elderly Mobility Scale, EFT: Essential Frailty Toolset, MFFC: Modified Fried Frailty Criteria, BMI: body mass index, SHERPA: Score Hospitalier d’Evaluation du Risque de Perte d’Autonomie, CGA: comprehensive geriatric assessment, MPI: Multidimensional Prognostic Index, UK-TAVI CPM: UK TAVI clinical prediction models, RAI: risk analysis index, SMI: skeletal muscle index, 6MWT: six-minute walking test, CAF: comprehensive assessment of frailty, PMA: psoas muscle area, SMM: skeletal muscle mass, FM: fat mass, TPA: total psoas area, LMA: lumbar muscle area, TMA: thoracic muscle area, VF: visceral fat, SC: subcutaneous tissue area, FIM: functional independence measure, MGA/MGBE: Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment/Modified Geriatric Baseline examination, MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination, TUG: Time Up and Go, IDAL: instrumental activities in daily living, FORECAST: Frailty predicts death One yeaR after Elective CArdiac Surgery Test. Outcomes. AE: Adverse events, LOS: length of stay, STS: Society of Thoracic Surgery, QoL: quality of life, NYHA: the New York Heart Association, MACCE: major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Results. OR: odds ratio, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, NA: not available, ICU: intensive care unit, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration ratio.
