BioMed Research International

Research Article

Dynamic Expression of Genes Involved in Proteoglycan/Glycosaminoglycan Metabolism during Skin Development

Table 2

Differentially expressed GAG related genes during skin development in mice in comparison to mature skin (p<0.10) based on real-time qPCR.


		E14 vs. P90		E16 vs. P90		P1 vs. P90
Gene symbol	Full gene name and probe set	P-value	Relative change	P-value	Relative change	P-value	Relative change

*Production of precursors*
Galk1 ‡	Galactokinase 1	*0.029*	*5.897*	*0.057*	*3.867*	*0.074*	*3.043*
	Mm00444182_m1
Galt ‡	Gal-1-P-Uridylyltransferase	0.042	0.573	*0.027*	*0.497*	0.832	0.964
	Mm00489459_g1
Gfpt1 ‡	Glu-Fru-6-P-Transaminase 1	*0.002*	*2.378*	0.160	1.273	0.282	1.481
	Mm00600127_m1
Gfpt2 ‡	Glu-Fru-6-P-Transaminase 2	0.269	0.772	*0.079*	*0.494*	0.356	0.780
	Mm00496565_m1
Hk2 ‡	Hexokinase 2	0.027	0.652	0.253	1.390	0.586	0.904
	Mm00443385_m1
Pgm3 ‡	Phosphoglucomutase 2	0.058	1.876	0.296	1.249	0.098	1.470
	Mm00459270_m1
Pgm5 ‡	Phosphoglucomutase 5	*0.002*	*4.053*	*0.033*	*2.792*	*0.019*	*2.515*
	Mm00723432_m1
Slc13a5 ‡	Solute Carrier Family 13 Member A5	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00523288_m1
Slc26a9 ‡	Solute Carrier Family 26 Member A9	Not detected		0.036	0.264	0.023	0.318
	Mm00628490_m1
Slc35a3 ‡	Solute Carrier Family 35 Member a3	*0.008*	*0.444*	0.060	0.567	0.455	0.811
	Mm00523288_m1

*Core proteins*
Cd44	CD44 Molecule	0.018	0.536	0.171	0.637	0.223	1.385
	Mm01277164_m1
Gpc2 ‡	Glypican 2	*0.005*	*11.686*	0.638	1.294	0.369	1.249
	Mm00549650_m1
Gpc3 †	Glypican 3	*<0.001*	*6.765*	*0.019*	*3.734*	*0.013*	*8.044*
	Mm00516722_m1
Gpc6 ‡	Glypican 6	*0.027*	*2.880*	0.275	1.376	0.130	1.926
	Mm00516235_m1
Hspg2 ‡	Perlecan	0.030	1.504	0.064	1.959	*0.007*	*3.325*
	Mm01181179_g1
Sdc1 ‡	Syndecan 1	*0.012*	*0.293*	0.107	0.313	*0.069*	*0.403*
	Mm00448918_m1
Sdc4 †	Syndecan 4	*0.002*	*0.201*	*0.039*	*0.240*	*0.065*	*0.471*
	Mm00488527_m1

*Preparation of linkage region*
B3gat1	β-1,3-Glucuronyltransferase 1	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00661499_m1
B3gat2	β-1,3-Glucuronyltransferase 2	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00549042_m1
B4galt2 ‡	β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 2	*0.023*	*4.562*	*0.059*	*2.679*	*0.038*	*3.384*
	Mm00479556_m1

*Glycosaminoglycan chain polymerisation*
Chpf ‡	Chondroitin Polymerizing Factor	*<0.001*	*2.991*	0.059	1.865	*0.050*	*2.401*
	Mm01262239_g1
Chsy1 ‡	CS Synthase 1	*0.013*	*3.900*	*0.024*	*2.282*	*0.072*	*2.229*
	Mm01319178_m1
Chsy3 ‡	CS Synthase 3	*0.026*	*4.006*	*0.075*	*2.184*	0.101	2.013
	Mm01545329_m1
Csgalnact1 ‡	CS-GalNAc-transferase 1	*0.099*	*0.496*	*0.098*	*0.475*	0.634	1.128
	Mm00555164_m1
Extl1 ‡	Exostoses (multiple)-like 1	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00621977_s1
Extl2 ‡	Exostoses (multiple)-like 2	*0.007*	*2.043*	0.660	1.220	0.106	1.765
	Mm00469621_m1
Has2 ‡	Hyaluronan Synthase 2	0.188	1.933	0.235	1.705	0.410	1.577
	Mm00515089_m1

*Glycosaminoglycan chain modification*
Chst11 ‡	Chondroitin 4-O-Sulfotransferase 1	*0.002*	*3.000*	0.087	1.195	0.087	1.957
	Mm00517563_m1
Chst14 ‡	Dermatan 4 Sulfotransferase 1	*0.026*	*2.459*	0.156	1.513	0.203	1.707
	Mm00511291_s1
Chst2 ‡	Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 2	*0.014*	*3.664*	*0.010*	*3.145*	*0.006*	*2.773*
	Mm00490018_g1
Chst3 ‡	Chondroitin 6-O-Sulfotransferase 1	*0.041*	*3.241*	0.152	1.941	*0.028*	*3.550*
	Mm00489736_m1
Chst8 ‡	GalNAc-4-O-Sulfotransferase 1	*0.089*	*2.587*	0.221	0.591	0.139	2.280
	Mm00558321_m1
Hs3st1 ‡	HS 3-O-sulfotransferase	0.051	1.796	0.039	1.937	*0.027*	*2.809*
	Mm01964038_m1
Hs3st3b1‡	HS 3-O-sulfotransferase 3b1	*0.004*	*3.204*	*0.028*	*2.511*	*0.002*	*2.629*
	Mm00479621_m1
Hs3st6 ‡	HS 3-O-sulfotransferase 6	*0.006*	*0.208*	0.089	0.664	0.041	1.765
	Mm01299930_m1
Hs6st2	HS 6-O-sulfotransferase 2	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00479296_m1
Ndst1 ‡	N-deacet./N-sulfotrans. 1	0.118	1.487	0.140	1.449	*0.054*	*2.202*
	Mm00447005_m1
Ndst2 ‡	N-deacet./N-sulfotrans. 2	0.008	1.347	*0.001*	*2.017*	*0.002*	*2.021*
	Mm00447818_m1
Ndst3 ‡	N-deacet./N-sulfotrans. 3	*0.004*	*4.708*	*0.041*	*7.910*	*0.004*	*12.034*
	Mm00453178_m1
Sulf1 ‡	Sulfatase 1	*0.004*	*4.644*	*0.079*	*2.674*	*0.089*	*2.077*
	Mm00552283_m1
Sumf2 ‡	Sulfatase modifying factor 2	*0.008*	*2.657*	0.104	2.023	0.038	1.857
	Mm01197721_m1

*Glycosaminoglycan chain degradation*
ArsJ ‡	Arylsulfatase J	*0.013*	*7.805*	*0.010*	*12.075*	*0.014*	*7.146*
	Mm00557970_m1
ArsK ‡	Arylsulfatase K	0.306	0.801	*0.059*	*0.466*	0.143	0.678
	Mm00513099_m1
Galns ‡	Galactosamine (N-Acetyl)-6-Sulfatase	*<0.001*	*2.648*	0.066	1.674	0.091	1.584
	Mm00489575_m1
Hpse ‡	Heparanase	*0.044*	*0.304*	0.342	1.450	0.169	0.578
	Mm00461768_m1
Hyal1 ‡	Hyaluronoglucosamini-dase 1	*0.001*	*0.198*	*0.008*	*0.288*	0.006	0.607
	Mm00476206_m1
Sgsh ‡	N-Sulfoglucosamine Sulfohydrolase	0.055	0.647	*0.002*	*0.435*	0.644	0.897
	Mm00450747_m1

*Growth factors*
Areg	Amphiregulin	Not detected		Not detected		0.656	0.834
	Mm00437583_m1
Bmp3 ‡	Bone morphogenetic growth factor 3	*0.007*	*4.270*	*0.004*	*7.240*	*0.002*	*11.628*
	Mm00557790_m1
Bmp5 ‡	Bone morphogenetic growth factor 5	*0.022*	*12.051*	0.303	1.788	0.587	1.300
	Mm00432091_m1
Ctgf ‡	Connective tissue growth factor	0.668	1.079	*0.011*	*0.232*	0.076	0.580
	Mm01192931_g1
Fgf10 ‡	Fibroblast growth factor 10	0.063	1.649	0.050	1.801	*0.093*	*2.262*
	Mm00433275_m1
Fgf13 ‡	Fibroblast growth factor 13	*0.002*	*3.205*	0.059	1.750	0.181	1.544
	Mm00438910_m1
Fgf2 ‡	Fibroblast growth factor 2	0.277	0.651	0.166	0.539	0.382	1.446
	Mm01285715_m1
Fgf20	Fibroblast growth factor 20	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00748347_m1
Fgf22 ‡	Fibroblast growth factor 22	Not detected		0.386	0.632	0.060	0.614
	Mm00445749_m1
Fgf7 ‡	Fibroblast growth factor 7	0.045	0.606	*0.002*	*0.394*	0.087	0.630
	Mm00433291_m1
Fgf8	Fibroblast growth factor 8	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00438921_m1
Figf ‡	C-fos induced growth factor	0.081	1.397	0.030	1.787	0.545	0.834
	Mm01131929_m1
Gdf10 ‡	Growth differentaition factor 10	*0.015*	*3.181*	0.454	1.143	0.166	1.519
	Mm03024279_s1
Hbegf ‡	Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor	Not detected		*0.015*	*0.347*	*0.016*	*0.423*
	Mm00439305_g1
Hdgf †	Hepatoma-derived growth factor	0.257	1.221	0.737	0.911	0.975	1.008
	Mm00725733_s1
Igf1 ‡	Insulin-like growth factor 1	0.320	1.207	0.217	0.705	0.364	0.790
	Mm00439560_m1
Igf2 †	Insulin-like growth factor 2	*<0.001*	*592.335*	*0.002*	*338.094*	*0.001*	*416.096*
	Mm00439565_g1
Nog ‡	Noggin	*0.054*	*2.945*	*0.019*	*2.935*	*0.021*	*3.067*
	Mm01297833_s1
Pdgfa ‡	Platelet-derived growth factor a	*0.021*	*3.005*	Not detected		*0.016*	*3.669*
	Mm01205760_m1
Pdgfb ‡	Platelet-derived growth factor b	0.321	1.098	0.033	1.468	*0.010*	*2.096*
	Mm01298578_m1
Pdgfc ‡	Platelet-derived growth factor c	Not detected		*0.016*	*2.362*	Not detected
	Mm00480205_m1
Pdgfd ‡	Platelet-derived growth factor d	Not detected		0.288	0.709	0.139	1.644
	Mm00546829_m1
Shh	Sonic hedgehog	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00436527_m1
Tgfb1 ‡	Transforming growth factor beta 1	0.027	0.540	0.488	0.817	0.157	1.372
	Mm01178820_m1
Tgfb2 ‡	Transforming growth factor beta 2	*0.039*	*2.697*	0.757	1.081	0.127	1.809
	Mm01321739_m1
Tgfb3 ‡	Transforming growth factor beta 3	*0.033*	*2.420*	0.094	1.854	*0.034*	*2.517*
	Mm01307950_m1
Vegfa ‡	Vascular endothelial growth factor a	0.394	1.108	0.112	1.613	0.461	1.358
	Mm01281447_m1
Vegfb	Vascular endothelial growth factor b	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00442102_m1
Vegfc ‡	Vascular endothelial growth factor c	0.024	1.839	0.303	1.250	0.015	1.996
	Mm00437313_m1
Wnt10b ‡	Wingless-related integration site 10b	0.180	5.829	0.122	9.688	0.105	11.748
	Mm00442104_m1
Wnt16 ‡	Wingless-related integration site 16	*0.066*	*2.094*	*0.016*	*4.809*	*0.014*	*4.362*
	Mm00446420_m1
Wnt2 ‡	Wingless-related integration site 2	*0.054*	*3.144*	0.090	3.555	0.074	3.760
	Mm00470018_m1
Wnt2b	Wingless-related integration site 2b	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00437330_m1
Wnt3a ‡	Wingless-related integration site 3a	0.394	1.610	0.441	1.520	0.840	1.106
	Mm00437337_m1
Wnt6 ‡	Wingless-related integration site 6	*0.015*	*11.709*	*0.018*	*10.400*	*0.016*	*10.758*
	Mm00437353_m1
Wnt7a	Wingless-related integration site 7a	Not detected		Not detected		Not detected
	Mm00437355_m1
Wnt7b ‡	Wingless-related integration site 7b	*0.003*	*4.180*	*0.056*	*6.076*	*0.003*	*4.181*
	Mm00437357_m1

Numbers in italic are significant (p<0.10); numbers in bold are >2-fold differentially expressed. Gene symbols indicated with a †-symbol are normalized using GAPDH as a reference gene. Gene symbols indicated with a ‡-symbol are normalized using TBP as a reference gene. Genes, for which a signal was not or only partly detected at a given time point or multiple time points and therefore a fold change and/or p value could not be calculated based on the available data, are given as “not detected.” Gene symbols for which all time points were classified as “not detected” do not show a symbol for the used reference gene due to lack of data for a calculation.