Association between Handgrip Strength, Mobility, Leg Strength, Flexibility, and Postural Balance in Older Adults under Long-Term Care Facilities

Table 1

Characteristics of the studied group.

	Women	Men	Total	value
Age (years)	76.2 (7.8)	72.7 (8.1)	74.6 (8.1)	0.002
Body mass (kg)	65.9 (15.6)	78.5 (15.0)	71.6 (16.5)	<0.001
Height (cm)	158.4 (8.2)	171.3 (7.6)	164.2 (10.2)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)				0.275
Underweight	3 (2.61)	4 (4.26)	7 (3.35)
Normal body weight	51 (44.35)	32 (34.04)	83 (39.71)
Overweight	16 (13.91)	21 (22.34)	37 (17.71)
Obesity	45 (39.13)	37 (39.36)	82 (39.23)
Marital status				<0.001
Married	3 (2.61)	17 (18.09)	20 (9.57)
Widow/widower	56 (48.70)	29 (30.85)	85 (40.67)
Divorced	16 (13.91)	17 (18.09)	33 (15.79)
Single	40 (34.78)	31 (32.98)	71 (33.97)
Education				0.084
Basic	35 (30.43)	41 (43.62)	76 (36.36)
Vocational	35 (30.43)	30 (31.91)	65 (31.10)
Secondary	42 (36.53)	20 (21.28)	62 (29.67)
Higher	3 (2.61)	3 (3.19)	6 (2.87)
Chronic disease
Cardiovascular	100 (89.96)	81 (86.17)	181 (86.60)	0.868
Musculoskeletal	76 (66.09)	52 (55.32)	128 (61.24)	0.112
Neurological	25 (21.74)	19 (20.21)	44 (21.05)	0.787
Pulmonary	61 (53.04)	43 (45.74)	104 (49.76)	0.294
Urinary system	20 (17.29)	16 (17.02)	36 (17.22)	0.944
GDS				0.458
No depression	79 (68.70)	60 (63.83)	139 (66.51)
Moderate depression	36 (31.30)	34 (36.17)	70 (33.49)
MMSE				0.710
No cognitive impairment	45 (39.13)	39 (41.49)	84 (40.19)
Cognitive impairment without dementia	34 (29.57)	23 (24.47)	57 (27.27)
Mild dementia	36 (31.30)	32 (34.04)	68 (32.54)
Number of drugs	3.9 (1.7)	4.1 (1.6)	4.0 (1.7)	0.513
Number of falls	0.8 (1.1)	0.6 (1.0)	0.7 (1.0)	0.180
Strength
Handgrip dominant (kg)	14.8 (6.4)	25.9 (9.8)	19.8 (9.8)	<0.001
Cutoff points handgrip strength dominant (kg)	78 (67.83)	49 (52.13)	127 (60.77)
Chair stand (s)	22.83 (9.83)	20.36 (8.82)	21.72 (9.45)	0.083
Mobility
TUG (s)	20.44 (9.77)	17.88 (9.17)	19.28 (9.56)	0.009
TUG cog (s)	25.04 (12.28)	21.44 (10.14)	23.42 (11.48)	0.019
Gait speed (m/s)	0.60 (0.25)	0.69 (0.27)	0.64 (0.26)	0.007
Flexibility
Upper limb flexibilityR (cm)	–27.68 (14.10)	–33.30 (14.30)	–30.20 (14.42)	0.002
Upper limb flexibilityL (cm)	–31.92 (14.96)	–32.27 (14.76)	–32.07 (14.83)	0.868
Lower limb flexibilityR (cm)	–10.56 (12.87)	–12.51 (14.05)	–11.43 (13.41)	0.286
Lower limb flexibilityL (cm)	–11.04 (13.23)	–13.53 (13.35)	–12.15 (13.30)	0.116
Body balance
BERG	34 (13)	36 (13)	35 (13)	0.214
Postural balance (eyes open)
SP (mm)	485.00 (330.78)	567.48 (498.83)	522.10 (415.83)	0.132
SPAP (mm)	385.27 (293.035)	455.01 (409.59)	416.64 (351.11)	0.083
SPML (mm)	211.79 (138.64)	243.06 (251.78)	225.86 (197.80)	0.278
MA (mm)	5.46 (3.14)	6.29 (4.02)	5.84 (3.58)	0.039
MAAP (mm)	3.82 (1.92)	4.85 (3.32)	4.28 (2.69)	0.004
MAML (mm)	2.99 (2.72)	3.00 (2.31)	3.00 (2.54)	0.456
MaxAP (mm)	16.59 (11.08)	19.69 (15.68)	17.98 (13.40	0.030
MaxML (mm)	14.59 (17.80)	14.25 (16.91)	14.43 (17.36)	0.816
Postural balance (eyes closed)
SP (mm)	559.85 (525.71)	558.53 (445.76)	559.25 (490.16)	0.904
SPAP (mm)	474.64 (472.58)	470.44 (402.63)	472.75 (441.51)	0.982
SPML (mm)	210.88 (172.25)	210.78 (166.38)	210.83 (169.22)	0.418
MA (mm)	4.77 (2.73)	5.13 (2.88)	4.93 (2.79)	0.403
MAAP (mm)	3.91 (2.42)	4.10 (2.34)	3.99 (2.37)	0.462
MAML (mm)	1.97 (1.29)	2.23 (1.69)	2.08 (1.48)	0.470
MaxAP (mm)	17.37 (12.43)	17.03 (11.14)	17.21 (11.84)	0.872
MaxML (mm)	7.77 (5.79)	10.54 (15.13)	9.01 (11.06)	0.565

N, number; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; TUG, Timed Up and Go; TUG cog, Timed Up and Go cognitive; SP, total path length; SPAP, statokinesiogram path length; SPML, statokinesiogram path length; MA: mean COP displacement; MAAP, mean COP displacement from point 0 in the Y direction; MAML, mean COP displacement from point 0 in the X direction; MaxAP, maximal COP displacement from point 0 in the Y direction; MaxML, maximal COP displacement from point 0 in the X direction.