Intermittent Hypoxic Training at Lactate Threshold Intensity Improves Aiming Performance in Well-Trained Biathletes with Little Change of Cardiovascular Variables

Table 5

Mean values of maximal workload and selected cardiorespiratory indices recorded in the experimental and control groups (H, n = 7; C, n = 7) during the incremental test in normoxia.

Variable

Group H

Cohen’s d

Group C

Cohen’s d

ANOVA

S1N

S2N

S3N

d1

d2

d3

S1N

S2N

S3N

d1

d2

d3

Time

Group

Interaction

WRmax (W)

372.14 ± 14.72

395.57 ± 17.57

385.42 ± 13.22

1.56

0.70

1.03

361.71 ± 26.06

369.40 ± 23.27

354.28 ± 32.42

0.34

0.58

0.27

F = 16.01;

F = 3.91;

F = 6.82;

VO2max (l/min)

4646.71 ± 271.83

4885.57^§ ± 314.47

4762.42 ± 420.04

0.88

0.36

0.35

4686.28 ± 413.80

4614.85 ± 372.69

4523.00 ± 498.84

0.20

0.23

0.38

F = 1.91;

F = 0.63;

F = 4.38;

VO2max (ml/kg/min)

63.57 ± 4.79

67.00^§ ± 5.65

66.71 ± 6.75

0.71

0.05

0.58

65.71 ± 1.49

65.14 ± 2.19

63.57 ± 2.69

0.33

0.69

1.06

F = 1.43;

F = 0.20;

F = 5.20;

VEmax (l/min)

163.18 ± 16.60

168.50 ± 13.22

164.57 ± 18.32

0.38

0.27

0.09

156.72 ± 8.56

163.57 ± 12.59

153.50 ± 11.27

0.69

0.91

0.35

F = 2.67;

F = 1.40;

F = 0.47;

RERmax

1.10 ± 0.04

1.14 ± 0.05

1.10 ± 0.03

0.99

1.03

0.12

1.10 ± 0.02

1.16 ± 0.03

1.10 ± 0.05

2.03

1.27

0.00

F = 14.61;

F = 0.45;

F = 0.11;

HRmax (bpm)

193.42 ± 6.29

192.28 ± 7.60

189.00 ± 7.75

0.18

0.47

0.69

200.57 ± 4.96

199.00 ± 6.92

196.14 ± 4.52

0.28

0.53

1.01

F = 6.33;

F = 5.08;

F = 0.02;

Test series in normoxia: S1_N, before training; S2_N, 3 and 4 days after training; S3_N, 14 and 15 days after training. Effect size: d₁, between S1_N and S2_N; d₂, between S2_N and S3_N; d₃, between S1_N and S3_N., statistically significant differences in relation to initial measurements (S1_N). ^§, propensity in relation to initial measurements (S1_N). WR_max, maximal workload during the incremental test; VO_2max, maximal oxygen uptake; VE_max, maximal ventilation; RER_max, maximal respiratory ratio during the incremental test; HR_max, maximal heart rate.