Improvement of Disease Management and Cost Effectiveness in Chinese Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Using a Smart-Phone Management System: A Prospective Cohort Study

Table 4

Comparison of baseline demographics of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients in observational cohort studies.

Demographics	GESPIC (2009)[8]	DESIR (2011)[9]	SCQM (2014)[10]	OASIS (2014)[11]	CASPIC (Our study)
Analysis population	AS <10 years (n=236)	AS <10 years; (n=181)	AS; (n=838)	AS; (n=184)	AS; (n=1201)
Geographical area	German	France	Swiss	Netherlands, Belgium, and France	China
Male gender	64.0%	58.6%	74.1%	70%	82.6%
Age, years	35.6(10.2)	31.3(9)	NR	43(12)	30.6 (8.7)
Age at disease onset, years	30.4(10.6)	NR	24.2 (19.7-30.5)	NR	22.2 (7.7)
Disease duration	5.2(2.7) years	19(10.1) months	12.7(6.4-22.7) years	11(9) years	8.4 (6.1) years
HLA-B27 positive rate	82.2%	72.4%	82.5%	83%	88.9%
PGA	5.0(2.5)	NR	6.0(3.0-7.0)	3.7(2.3)	3.0 (2.1)
PhGA	4.5(2.0)	NR	4.0(2.0-5.0)	3.7(2.3)	2.2 (1.4)
BASDAI	4.0(2.1)	4.0(2.1)	4.8(3.0-6.4)	3.4(2)	2.4 (1.7)
ASDAS	NR	2.6(1.1)	3.2(2.3-4.0)	2.6(1.0)	2.2 (1.0)
CRP, mg/L	14.8(16.0)	11.4(15.2)	8.0(5.0-18.0)	17.4(23.3)	14.0 (24.6)
ESR, mm/hour	21.7(18.0)	NR	14.0(6.0-28.0)	14.0(15.0)	16.5 (17.8)
BASFI	3.1(2.5)	2.8(2.2)	3.3(1.5-5.5)	NR	1.6 (1.7)
BASMI	2.0(1.8)	2.2(0.9)	2.0(1.0-4.0)	NR	1.7 (2.0)
Manifestations, ever
AAU	20.9	11.1	24.1	NR	21.0
IBD	2.6	7.2	9.3	NR	9.4
Psoriasis	10.2	14.4	7.4	NR	3.7
Drug treatment
NSAIDs	64	71.3	82.3	95(during follow-up)	98.2
TNFi	1.7	NR	20.3	22(during follow-up)	20.8
Methotrexate	8	NR	9.7	NR	3.3
Sulfasalazine	17	NR	6.0	NR	25.2
Leflunomide	NR	NR	1.4	NR	13.5

Values are expressed as mean (or median in the SCQM study) or percentage of patients. Age was defined as age at inclusion in cohort. AS: Ankylosing Spondylitis; GESPIC: German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort; SCQM: Swiss Clinical Quality Management Cohort; DESIR: the Devenir des spondyloarthropaties indifférenciées récentes; OASIS: the outcome in ankylosing spondylitis international study; CASPIC: Chinese Ankylosing Spondylitis Prospective Imaging Cohort; HLA: human leucocyte antigen; BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; ASDAS: Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index; BASMI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index; AAU: acute anterior uveitis; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; NR: not reported; PGA: Patient’s global assessment; PhGA: Physician’s global assessment; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TNFi: TNF inhibitors.