The Role of the Environmental Risk Factors in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Outcome of Atopic Dermatitis

Table 1

Protective and aggravating factors in the determinism of atopic dermatitis.

---

(1) Environmental factors

---

  Climate (temperature, UV, humidity, and precipitation)

  Urban vs rural life

  Diet

  Breastfeeding and weaning

  Obesity

  Physical exercise

  Atmospheric pollution (outdoor, indoor pollutants)

  Tobacco smoke

  Ozone

---

(2) Cutaneous barrier and allergic sensitization

---

(3) Microbial exposure

---

  Hygiene

  Animals and farm life

  Pets (dogs)

  Bacterial endotoxins

  Helminthes

  Paediatric infections and vaccinations

  Antibiotic exposure

  Microbiome of the intestinal tract and the skin

  Probiotics and prebiotics

---