Rhinoconjunctivitis among Adolescents in Kuwait and Associated Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 3

Crude and adjusted associations between personal attributes and risk factors and current rhinoconjunctivitis.

	Rhinoconjunctivitis, % (n/total)	Crude PR (95% CI)	Adjusted PR^§ (95% CI)
Sex
Female	12.0 (248/2061)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Male	15.3 (249/1628)	1.27 (1.08–1.50)	1.19 (1.01–1.41)
Age (years)
Median (5^th, 95^th percentile)	—	1.00 (0.94–1.07)	1.01 (0.94–1.08)
BMI-for-age groups
Underweight (<−2 SD)	10.4 (22/211)	0.82 (0.54–1.26)	0.83 (0.55–1.26)
Normal (−2 to 1 SD)	12.6 (183/1450)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Overweight (>1 to 2 SD)	13.3 (122/916)	1.06 (0.85–1.31)	1.08 (0.87–1.33)
Obese (>2 SD)	15.8 (164/1039)	1.25 (1.03–1.52)	1.17 (0.96–1.42)
Mode of birth
Vaginal	13.0 (387/2979)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Cesarean section	15.7 (105/670)	1.21 (0.99–1.47)	1.09 (0.89–1.33)
Breastfeeding ever
No	13.9 (120/863)	1.00 (ref.)	—
Yes	13.4 (374/2777)	0.96 (0.79–1.16)	—
Cat exposure in infancy
No	13.4 (463/3444)	1.00 (ref.)	—
Yes	14.5 (33/227)	1.08 (0.78–1.50)	—
Current cat exposure
No	13.1 (419/3190)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Yes	15.9 (76/479)	1.21 (0.97–1.51)	1.17 (0.93–1.48)
Dog exposure in infancy
No	13.3 (477/3590)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Yes	22.0 (18/82)	1.65 (1.09–2.51)	1.39 (0.92–2.09)
Current dog exposure
No	13.4 (477/3562)	1.00 (ref.)	—
Yes	15.0 (17/113)	1.12 (0.72–1.76)	—
ETS exposure
No	12.5 (249/1995)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Yes	14.6 (246/1682)	1.17 (0.99–1.38)	1.13 (0.95–1.33)
Parental history of rhinitis
No	6.3 (121/1930)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Yes	21.7 (368/1700)	3.45 (2.84–4.20)	3.14 (2.53–3.90)
Parental history of asthma^†
No	10.6 (258/2443)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Yes	19.2 (232/1207)	1.82 (1.55–2.14)	1.26 (1.05–1.50)
Parental history of eczema^‡
No	11.9 (328/2763)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Yes	18.2 (160/880)	1.53 (1.29–1.82)	1.09 (0.91–1.31)

ETS: Environmental tobacco smoke; PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation; ref.: reference. ^§Variables that had a value ≤0.2 in the crude model were simultaneously included in the adjusted (multivariable) model, except for age and sex, which were included in all adjusted model. In addition to the shown variables, “total number of siblings” was included in the multivariable model as it had a value ≤0.2 in the crude model. Maternal and/or paternal history of doctor-diagnosed rhinitis. ^†Maternal and/or paternal history of doctor-diagnosed asthma. ^‡Maternal and/or paternal history of doctor-diagnosed eczema.