Changing Sources of Stigma against Patients with HIV/AIDS in the Rapid Expansion of Antiretroviral Treatment Services in Vietnam

Table 1

Factor loading, reliability, and measurement of Stigma.

Items	Yes	Factor Loadings
		Community	Family	Healthcare	HIV disclosure
Having told family members you have HIV	82.3%				0.46
Losing jobs or profits	34.5%	0.62
Others feared to get HIV infected from you	34.4%
Having told friends you have HIV	28.8%				0.81
Others gossiped about your HIV status	28.2%	0.67
Relatives, friends have grown more distant with you	25.8%	0.58
Being excluded from community events because of HIV	25.6%	0.61
Afraid that others disclose your HIV status	15.6%				0.44
Being blamed, criticized because you have HIV	14.6%	0.56
Devalued, disrespected by others because of HIV	14.3%	0.65
Having told neighbors, you have HIV	11.0%				0.78
Being abandoned by your spouse	9.2%		0.65
Hurt, annoyed, or offended by others because you have HIV	8.8%	0.49
Discriminated by family members	7.9%		0.69
Dismissed or unable to rent an accommodation because of HIV	6.9%		0.47
Losing heredity because of HIV	6.9%		0.59
Health workers feared of getting HIV-infected	5.2%			0.65
Being threatened	4.5%
Perceived poorer health service quality	3.6%			0.77
Discriminated by health workers	3.1%			0.76
Number of stigma types reported (mean (SD))		1.59 (1.80)	0.30 (0.70)	0.12 (0.46)	1.41(0.99)
patients reported at least one type of stigma	93.3%	62.8%	20.2%	8.0%	86.2%
Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha)		0.75	0.56	0.66	0.65