Correlates of Physical Activity of Students in Secondary School Physical Education: A Systematic Review of Literature

Table 2

Summary of studies of correlates of MVPA during secondary school PE lessons.

Correlates variables	Related to MVPA		Unrelated to MVPA; References No	Summary code
	References No	Asso (−/+)		Asso	% Studies
Demographic and biological variables
Sex (boys)	[10, 23–33]	+	[34–36]	+ +	12/16 75%
	[37]	−
School level (high school)	[35]	+	[27]	0	1/3 33%
	[36]	−
Grade	[23, 36, 38, 39]	−	[27, 34]	?	4/8 50%
	[31, 33]	+
BMI (overweight)	[40]	−	[10, 33, 41, 42]	0	1/5 20%
Skill level (high)	[26]	+		ND
Cardiorespiratory fitness(healthy)	[43]	+		ND
Ethnicity (White)	[24, 42, 44]	+		+ +	3/3 100%
Instruction-related variables
Class size	[10, 45]	+	[31, 46–48]	0	2/8 25%
	[49, 50]	−
Class gender
Boys-only	[32, 44, 47, 51, 52]	+		+ +	5/5 100%
Co-educational	[48, 52]	+	[44, 51]	?	2/5 40%
	[32]	−
Girls-only	[32, 44, 47, 48, 51, 52]	−		− −	6/6 100%
Lesson length	[51]	−	[47]	ND
PE activities
Team games	[10, 26, 30, 35–38, 40]	+	[27, 31, 47]	+ +	8/12 67%
	[34]	−
Individual games	[38, 47]	+	[10, 26, 30, 31, 34–37]	0	2/10 20%
Movement activities	[10, 26, 30, 35–38, 40, 47, 53]	−	[31, 34]	− −	10/12 83%
Individual activities	[34, 38, 53]	+	[10, 26, 31, 35, 37, 47]	0	3/10 30%
	[36]	−
Lesson context
Fitness activities	[32, 48, 50]	+	[45, 47, 51, 52]	?	3/7 43%
Free play			[32, 45, 47, 48, 50–52]	0	0/7 0%
Game play	[32, 51, 52]	+	[45, 47, 48, 50]	?	3/7 43%
Skill drills	[32, 52]	+	[45, 47, 48, 50, 51]	0	2/7 29%
Management	[32]	−	[45, 47, 48, 50–52]	0	1/7 14%
Knowledge	[32, 47, 48, 50, 51]	−	[45, 52]	− −	5/7 71%
Teacher gender (male)			[47, 48, 50]	0	0/3 0%
Teacher experience	[45]	−		ND
Teacher type (PE specialist)			[50]	ND
Teacher behavior
Fitness promotion			[47]	ND
Fitness demonstration			[47]	ND
General instruction	[47]	−		ND
Observation	[47]	+		ND
Class management			[47]	ND
Other tasks			[47]	ND
School physical environment variables
Lesson location (outdoors)	[45, 48, 50, 54]	+	[10, 47]	+ +	4/6 67%
Accessibility of facilities/equipment	[49]	+		ND
Large Space	[47]	+	[31]	ND
Natural environment (Fall)	[54]	+	[47]	ND
School structure quality			[11]	ND
School structure quantity			[11]	ND
Psychological variables
Self-determined motivation	[55]	+		ND
Autonomous motivation	[46]	+		ND
Controlled motivation			[46]	ND
Intrinsic motivation	[56]	+	[2, 57]	0	1/3 33%
Identified regulation			[2, 56, 57]	0	0/3 0%
Introjected regulation			[57]	ND
External regulation	[2]	−	[56, 57]	0	1/3 33%
Amotivation	[56]	−	[2, 46, 57]	0	1/4 25%
Competence	[39]	+	[25, 57, 58]	0	1/4 25%
Autonomy	[58]	+	[57]	ND
Relatedness	[58]	+	[57]	ND
Expectancy beliefs	[29, 59]	+	[28]	+ +	2/3 67%
Subjective task values	[28, 59, 60]	+	[29]	+ +	3/4 75%
Achievement goals	[61]	+		ND
Self-efficacy	[59–61]	+	[10, 23, 62]	?	3/6 50%
Outcome expectancy	[59]	+		ND
Enjoyment	[2, 62]	+		+ +	2/3 67%
	[25]	−

Note: Asso = association.
Variables were coded as ‘no description (ND)’ when reported less than three studies; when variables appear more than three times, 60%–100% of the association in a similar direction was coded as ‘+ +’ (positive) or ‘− −’ (negative); 34%–59% of the association in a similar direction was coded as ‘?’ (indeterminate/inconsistent); 0%–33% of the association in a similar direction was coded as ‘0’ (no association).