Prebiotic Effect of Lycopene and Dark Chocolate on Gut Microbiome with Systemic Changes in Liver Metabolism, Skeletal Muscles and Skin in Moderately Obese Persons

Table 2

Changes in blood and tissue parameters after supplementation with GA lycopene for one month.

Parameters before and after 4 weeks of the trial	Groups
	I	II	III	IV	V
Lycopene in serum, in ng/ml
before	110 ± 17	110 ± 12	210 ± 19	90 ± 8.4	120 ± 22
after	500 ± 52	310 ± 30	430 ± 30	190 ± 14	170 ± 27
Lycopene in cerumen, in ng/g
before	53 ± 9.5	40 ± 5.5	70 ± 10.2	750 ± 93	14 ± 7.6
after	102 ± 12.4	100 ± 12.5	90 ± 11.5	2,500 ± 237	12 ± 5.5
Triglycerides mg/dL
before	135±14.9	155 ± 12.1	128 ± 9.7	126 ± 10.2	122±13.5
after	133± 11.5	150 ± 11.3	110 ± 8.5	123 ± 10.1	118 ± 11.7
LDL, in mg/dL
before	144±12.5	143 ± 12.4	121 ± 10.5	137 ± 11.7	131±12.1
after	139 ± 10.1	134 ± 11.2	104 ± 9.8	124 ± 10.3	129 ± 10.2
HDL, in mg/dL
before	41.9±2.9	46.5 ± 3.7	49.8 ± 3.9	50.1 ± 4.2	44.0±2.2
after	42.2 ± 3.1	47.8 ± 3.9	50.0 ± 4.6	51.2 ± 4.4	45.1 ± 2.4
IOD, in μM MDA
before	142 ± 9.2	141 ± 12.7	115 ± 10.9	164 ± 5.8	177 ± 12.1
after	101 ± 8.7	92 ± 8.8	46 ± 4.5	42 ± 3.7	153 ± 11.9
LDL-Px, in ELISA × 10^3
before	310 ± 29	550 ± 61	664 ± 63	420 ± 45	450 ± 41
after	250 ± 24	350 ± 29	379 ± 34	130 ± 12	370 ± 32
Lipoprotein O2, in μM
before	4.07 ± 0.29	3.89 ± 0.35	3.86 ± 0.32	3.07 ± 0.29	3.67 ± 0.31
after	5.26 ± 0.33	4.64 ± 0.33	4.55 ± 0.39	3.44 ± 0.27	5.27 ± 0.39
StO2, in AUC mm
before	81 ± 6.4	66 ± 5.2	67 ± 5.1	59 ± 4.4	76 ± 5.5
after	88 ± 6.9	79 ± 6.1	83 ± 7.1	79 ± 6.3	76 ± 6.3

p < 0.05, p < 0.001.