Potential Role of Exosomes in Cancer Metastasis

Table 1

Influence of exosomes in altering the tumor microenvironment.

The role of tumor cells-derived exosomes in influencing the function of tumor microenvironment cells
Donor cells	Recipient cells	Mechanisms of action	Effects	Ref.
			Promote ECM remodeling, the formation of inflammatory tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche
LLC or B16/F10 melanoma cells	Alveolar epithelial cells			[19]
CRC cells	Liver macrophages			[20, 21]
EOC cells	Umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)				Contribute to angiogenesis	[22]
CRC cells						[23]
Pancreatic cancer cells						[24]
CSCC cells	Lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs)					[25]
LAC cells	Lung endothelial cells					[26]
LAC cells	Fibroblasts		Promote the cancer-associated phenotype transformation of fibroblasts	[26]
Gastric cancer cells	Fibroblasts			[27]
HNSCC cells	neuronal models	Increase the nerve distribution of tumor microenvironment	[28]
The role of tumor microenvironment cells-derived exosomes in influencing the function of tumor microenvironment cells
EOC-associated macrophages	CD4^+ T cells		Form an immune-suppressive microenvironment	[29]
MSCs	tumor stromal cells		Affect angiogenesis, immune response, migration and invasion of tumor	[30, 31]

Note: Lewis lung carcinoma, LLC; Colorectal cancer, CRC; Epithelial ovarian cancer, EOC; Cervical squamous cell carcinoma, CSCC; Lung adenocarcinoma, LAC; Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC; Mesenchymal stem cell, MSC; Human umbilical vein endothelial cell, HUVEC; Human lymphatic endothelial cell, HLEC; ↑, Upregulated or activated; ↓, Downregulated or inhibited; , Inhibited.