Intimate Partner Violence among Pregnant Women and Postpartum Depression in Vietnam: A Longitudinal Study

Table 2

Associations between exposure to IPV during pregnancy, co-variables and postpartum depression.

Factor	EPDS≥10	EPDS<10	Bivariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
			OR (95%CI)	p-value	AOR (95%CI)	p-value
Emotional violence during pregnancy (n=1,274)
Yes	44 (10.7)	367 (89.3)	1.60 (1.07-2.41)	0.023	1.01 (0.60-1.69)	0.968
No	60 (7.0)	803 (93.0)	1		1
Physical violence during pregnancy (n=1,274)
Yes	13 (28.9)	32 (71.1)	5.08 (2.58-10.02)	0.001	2.75 (1.19-6.35)	0.018
No	91 (7.4)	1138 (92.6)	1		1
Sexual violence during pregnancy (n=1,274)
Yes	17 (13.6)	108 (86.4)	1.92 (1.10-3.35)	0.021	1.93 (1.01-3.73)	0.049
No	87 (7.6)	1062 (92.4)	1		1
Age of women (years) (n=1,274)
<25	53 (9.3)	520 (90.7)	1.30 (0.87-1.94)	0.201	1.92 (1.21-3.05)	0.006
≥25	51 (7.3)	650 (92.7)	1		1
Occupation of women (n=1,273)
Employed by government, private company or organization	43 (10.5)	365 (89.5)	2.25 (1.07-4.72)	0.032	4.21 (1.82-9.75)	0.001
Worker	20 (5.7)	329 (94.3)	1.16 (0.52-2.61)	0.716	1.28 (0.55-3.00)	0.569
Farmer	23 (13.9)	143 (86.1)	3.07 (1.38-6.85)	0.006	2.68 (1.13-6.35)	0.025
Unemployed/student	9 (5.3)	160 (94.7)	1.08 (0.42-2.78)	0.881	1.35 (0.47-3.81)	0.570
Small trade	9 (5.0)	172 (95.0)	1		1
Level of education (n=1,274)
Primary school	3 (12.5)	21 (87.5)	2.06 (0.59-7.26)	0.257	4.59 (1.04-20.29)	0.044
Secondary school	26 (11.4)	202 (88.6)	1.86 (1.09-3.16)	0.021	3.81 (1.92-7.56)	0.001
High school	39 (8.4)	426 (91.6)	1.32 (0.83-2.12)	0.241	2.35 (1.35-4.09)	0.002
University/college	36 (6.5)	521 (93.5)	1		1
Husband’s preference for a specific sex of child (n=1,268)
Preference for son	56 (9.7)	519 (90.3)	1.77 (1.14-3.10)	0.056	1.98 (1.15-3.39)	0.014
Preference for girl	25 (9.3)	245 (90.7)	1.88 (0.99-3.20)	0.014	1.88 (0.99-3.60)	0.055
No preference	23 (5.4)	400 (94.6)	1		1
Gestational age at delivery(weeks) (n=1,257)
<37	10 (17.5)	47 (82.5)	2.56 (1.25-5.24)	0.01	2.33 (1.03-5.24)	0.042
≥37	92 (7.7)	1108 (92.3)	1		1
Family support after delivery (n=1,268)
Most of the time	38 (5.3)	681 (94.7)	0.77 (0.44-1.33)	0.341	0.84 (0.47-1.52)	0.565
Some of the time /rarely/never	45 (18.4)	200 (81.6)	3.08 (1.78-5.34)	0.001	3.46 (1.87-6.39)	0.001
All the time	21 (6.8)	288 (93.2)	1		1

Adjusted for age of women, occupation of women, level of education, husband’s preference for a specific sex of child, age of women at first pregnancy, mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery and family support after delivery
¹Level of education was grouped into primary school (up to grade 5 years) and secondary school (grade 6-9 years) and high school (grade 10-12 years ) and higher education (>12 years).
²Husband’s expressed preference of the sex of the unborn child (present pregnancy)
³Based on gestational age determined by ultrasound scanning performed during enrolment (3rd interview)
⁴Presence of at least one member of the family who has offered to take care of and support the mother and child.