Syringobulbia in Patients with Chiari Malformation Type I: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Summary of CM-I patients with syringobulbia.

Author, year	Age,; sex	Manifestations	Examination findings	Extent of SB	Extent of SM	Operation	Outcome	Follow-up
Feinberg M., 2016	3, M	Trismus	Completely normal aside from isolated trismus	Medulla, right pontine tegmentum	C1-T8	Suboccipital craniectomy, C-1 laminectomy	Resolved	1yr
Shankar, B., 2014	22, M	Persistent singultus	Ataxia, dysesthesia	Medulla	Holocord	Decompression	Resolved	None
Massimi, L., 2011	38, M	Acute respiratory failure	Consciousness, normal ICP	Medulla	Hydrocephalus, holocord	ETV	Resolved	3yrs
	1, M	Hemiparesis, Horner syndrome	Left flaccid hemiparesis, myosis, ptosis, Horner syndrome	Medulla, pons	Cervicothoracic	PFD, C-1 laminectomy, and duraplasty	Improved	3yrs
	2.5, M	Tetraparesis, dyspnea, neck pain	Tetraplegia, limb and trunk hypesthesia	Medulla, pons	Cervicothoracic	Not mentioned	Improved	10m
Massey, S. L., 2011	4, F	Eye inward deviation, neck tilting	CN VI, VII palsies, ataxia, limb spasticity	Medulla, pons	Cervicothoracic	Decompression	Alleviated	1.5yrs
Viswanatha, B., 2009	36, F	Dysarthria, headache, neck pain	CN IX, X palsies, dysarthria	Medulla, pons	Holocord	FMD	Improved	1yr
Robert E., 2009	16, M	Tetraparesis, headaches, urinary retention	CN VI palsies, tetraparetic, limb weakness	Medulla	Cervical	Large-volume shunt, PFD, laminectomy, duraplasty	Alleviated	Not mentioned
	14, M	Vomiting, facial weakness, diplopia, hoarseness, ataxia	CN VI and VII palsies	Medulla, pons	Cervicothoracic	Suboccipital craniectomy, C-1 laminectomy, fenestration, duraplasty	Improved	4 yrs
Seki, T., 2004	27, M	Trunk numbness, limb weakness	Hyperreflexia, dysesthesia(R)	Medulla	C2-C7	PFD, laminectomy, duraplasty	Alleviated	5m
Aryan, H, 2004	55, M	Dysphagia, diplopia, gait difficulty	Bulbar, sensory, motor, and coordination deficits	Medulla	C1-T8	PFD, laminectomy, duraplasty, VP-shunt	No relief	3m
Lee, J., 2001	16, M	Dysphagia, drowsy	Quadriparesis	Medulla, pons	C1-T11	PFD, laminectomy, duraplasty, syringoperitoneal shunt	Remission	6m
Penarrocha, M., 2001	45, M	Orofacial pain	Hypoesthesia	Medulla	Cervical	Decompression, shunt	Resolved	2yrs
Galarza, M, 2001	9, M	Lethargy and respiratory arrest	Quadriparesis	Medulla	Cervical	Ventricle external drainage	Improved	Not mentioned
Nogues, M., 2000	58, F	Dysesthesia	Increased tone	Medulla	Cervicothoracic	None	None	None
Takahashi, Y., 1999	15, M	Gait disturbance, dysphagia	Horizontal nystagmus, ataxia, limb weakness	Medulla	Cervicothoracic	FMD, laminectomy	Improved	8yrs
Afifi, A, 1997	11, F	Diplopia, snoring	CN VI, XII palsies, arm hyporeflexia, leg hyperreflexia	Medulla, pons	Cervical	PFD, laminectomy, duraplasty, 4th-V shunt	Improved	6m
Anwer, U, 1996	47, F	Dysphagia, tough numbness	Hemiparalysis, Horner’s syndrome	Medulla	Cervicothoracic	PFD	Improved	2m
Kanev, P, 1994	13, F	Diplopia	Diplopia	Medulla, pons	Cervical	PFD, laminectomy	Improved	2m
Rhoton, E. L., 1991	69, F	Limbs weakness and numbness	Hemiparesis, dysesthesia, hyperreflexia	Brain stem, syringocephaly	C2-C6	craniectomy, laminectomy, 4th V shunt	Resolved	Not mentioned
Weissman, J., 1990	46, M	Arm weakness and Dysesthesia, dysarthria and dysphagia	Torsional nystagmus, vocal cord paralysis	Medulla	C2-T8	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Not mentioned
Okada, S., 1989	10, F	Limbs weakness, dysesthesia	Hemiparesis, dysesthesia, hyperreflexia, CN V palsies	Brain stem, syringocephaly	C1-T10	Craniectomy, laminectomy, duraplasty	Improved	1m
Bresnan, M., 1987	17, F	limbs numbness, nausea, vomiting, diplopia, oscillopsia, dysarthria	Rotatory nystagmus, CN V-VII palsies	Medulla	C2-T4	Decompressed, stent shunt, duraplasty	Improved	1m

C: cervical, CN: cranial nerve, ETV: endoscopic third ventriculostomy, F: female, FMD: foramen magnum decompression, ICP: intracranial pressure, M: male, m: month(s), PDF: posterior foramen decompression, SB: syringobulbia, SM: syringomyelia, T: thoracic, yrs: year(s), and VP: ventriculoperitoneal.